Low Viscosity/Low Volatility Lubricant Oil Compositions Comprising Alkylated Naphthalenes

ABSTRACT

Provided herein is are low viscosity, low volatility lubricant oil compositions comprising a first base oil component comprising, for example, alkylated naphthalenes, and a second base oil component wherein the composition has a kinematic viscosity at 100° C. of 7.6 cSt or less, a Noack volatility at 250° C. of less than 10%, and a viscosity index of at least 90 for use as internal combustion engine oils, such as compression- and spark-ignition engine oils.

This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional application No.61/886,410, filed Oct. 3, 2013, which is herewith incorporated byreference in its entirety.

1 FIELD

Provided herein are low viscosity, low volatility lubricant oilcompositions comprising a first base oil component comprising, forexample, alkylated naphthalenes, and a second base oil component whereinthe composition has a kinematic viscosity at 100° C. of about 7.6 cSt orless, a Noack volatility at 250° C. of less than about 10%, and aviscosity index of at least about 90 for use as internal combustionengine oils, such as compression- or spark-ignition engine oils.

2 BACKGROUND

Lubricating oils are critical to the operation of the machinery of theworld today. Synthetic lubricants in the engine crankcase, rear axle,and transmission can improve fuel economy by about 3 percent, savingnearly 485 gallons of fuel and eliminating 5 metric tons of greenhousegas emissions for a typical combination truck each year. Lubricantsreduce friction and wear of critical vehicle systems including theengine, transmission and drive train. Without lubricants, the movingparts inside these systems would grind together, causing heat, stressand wear. Recent changes in legislation and new emission standards, forexample PC-11 for heavy-duty diesel engines and GF-6 for passengerautomobiles, have increased pressure on vehicle manufacturers to improvefuel efficiency and reduce emissions.

Within an engine there are two types of friction that impact fueleconomy. One that is related to the thickness of the oil classified asviscous friction which leads to energy losses due to the pumping of theviscous oil through the engine, especially during cold engine start upand stop and go driving. The other, contact friction resulting fromcontact between moving metal surfaces leads to engine wear and reducedfuel economy.

Conventional mineral oil lubricants due to their higher viscosity areunable to effectively slip between and lubricate the moving parts ofthese systems, particularly in newer truck components that are designedwith close tolerances and tight fits. Conventional higher viscositylubricants may also be making it harder for pumps, gears and shafts tomove. These effects create energy losses and friction losses, and wastefuel.

Low-viscosity lubricants are less resistant to flow than lubricantspresently known, a property that helps reduce friction and lowering theenergy wasted pumping the oil through the engine.

Attempts have been made to use conventional low viscositypolyalphaolefin (“PAO”) base stocks to achieve low viscosity engine oilformulations. The volatility requirements for engine oils, however,limit the amount of low viscosity conventional PAO that can be used andthe extent to which the viscosity of the engine oil formulation can bereduced.

Therefore, new low viscosity/low volatility lubricant oil compositionsto further improve fuel efficiency are desirable.

3 SUMMARY

Provided herein is a lubricant oil composition comprising

-   -   (a) a first base oil component in the amount of about 1 weight %        to about 50 weight % based on the total weight of the oil        composition, wherein the first base oil component comprises a        compound of Formula I

-   -    wherein R is (C₁₈-C₄₀)alkyl, (C₅-C₄₀)cycloalkyl, (C₅-C₄₀)aryl,        (C₇-C₉)aralkyl; wherein the aralkyl is optionally substituted        with (C₁-C₃₆)alkyl, or (C₆-C₄₀)alkenyl; and    -   (b) a second base oil component in the amount of about 0.1        weight % to about 80 weight % based on the total weight of the        oil composition, wherein the second base oil component comprises        one or more of a polyalphaolefin (PAO) base stock, Group II base        stock, Group III base stock, Group V base stock, GTL base stock,        alkylated benzene base stock, and ester base stock;        wherein the composition has a kinematic viscosity at 100° C. of        about 7.6 cSt or less, a Noack volatility at 250° C. of less        than about 10%, and a viscosity index of at least about 90.

Provided herein is an internal combustion engine oil, such as acompression-ignition engine oil or a spark-ignition engine oil,comprising a lubricant oil composition provided herein.

4 DETAILED DESCRIPTION 4.1 Definitions

An “alkyl” is a saturated straight chain or branched non-cyclichydrocarbon having, for example, from 18 to 40 carbon atoms, 18 to 32carbon atoms, 20 to 24 carbon atoms, 18 carbon atoms, 20 carbon atoms,or 32 carbon atoms. Representative alkyls include, for example, -methyl,-ethyl, -n-propyl, -n-butyl, -n-pentyl and, -n-hexyl; while branchedalkyls include, for example, -isopropyl, -sec-butyl, -iso-butyl,-tert-butyl, -iso-pentyl, 2-methylpentyl, 3-methylpentyl,4-methylpentyl, 2,3-dimethylbutyl, Guerbet alkyl and the like.

A “Guerbet alkyl” is a beta-branched alkyl of the general formula:(C_(n)-C_(m))alkyl-CH[(C_((n-2))-C_((m-2 )))alkyl]-CH₂—, wherein n≦m,and wherein n and m are independently integers equal or greater than 6,but equal or less than 18, resulting in a (C_(2n)-C_(2m)) Guerbet alkyl.For example, in a (C₁₈-C₃₂) Guerbet alkyl, n is 9 and m is 18. Incertain embodiments, the (C_(n)-C_(m))alkyl and(C_((n-2))-C_((m-2)))alkyl groups of the Guerbet alkyl may be branched.Representative Guerbet alkyls include, for example, 2-butyl-octanyl,2-hexyl-decanyl, 2-octyl-dodecanyl, 2-decyl-tetradecanyl, and2-dodecyl-hexadecanyl.

A “cycloalkyl” is a saturated cyclic alkyl having, for example, from 3to 12 carbon atoms or 5 to 40 carbon atoms, having a single cyclic ringor multiple condensed or bridged rings. Representative alkyls include,for example, single ring structures such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl,cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, and the like, ormultiple or bridged ring structures such as adamantyl and the like.

An “aryl” is an aromatic carbocyclic group having, for example, from 6to 40 carbon atoms having a single ring (e.g., phenyl) or multiplecondensed rings (e.g., naphthyl or anthryl). Representative arylsinclude, for example, phenyl, naphthyl, and the like.

An “aralkyl” is an aryl-substituted alkyl group having, for example, anaryl substituted (C₇-C₉)alkyl. Representative aralkyls include, forexample, benzyl, diphenylmethyl, triphenylmethyl, phenylethyl,phenylbutyl, and diphenylethyl.

A “base oil” and “base stock” as referred to herein is to be consideredconsistent with the definitions as stated in API BASE OILINTERCHANGEABILITY GUIDELINES FOR PASSENGER CAR MOTOR OILS AND DIESELENGINE OILS, July 2009 Version—APPENDIX E. According to Appendix E, baseoil is the base stock or blend of base stocks used in an API-licensedoil. Base stock is a lubricant component that is produced by a singlemanufacturer to the same specifications (independent of feed source ormanufacturer's location) that meets the same manufacturer'sspecification and that is identified by a unique formula, productidentification number, or both.

4.2 Lubricant Oil Compositions

Provided herein is a lubricant oil composition comprising

-   -   (a) a first base oil component in the amount of about 1 weight %        to about 50 weight % based on the total weight of the oil        composition, wherein the first base oil component comprises a        compound of Formula I

-   -    wherein R is (C₁₈-C₄₀)alkyl, (C₅-C₄₀)cycloalkyl, (C₅-C₄₀)aryl,        (C₇-C₉)aralkyl; wherein the aralkyl is optionally substituted        with (C₁-C₃₆)alkyl, or (C₆-C₄₀)alkenyl; and

(b) a second base oil component in the amount of about 0.1 weight % toabout 80 weight % based on the total weight of the oil composition,wherein the second base oil component comprises one or more of apolyalphaolefin (PAO) base stock, Group II base stock, Group III basestock, Group V base stock, GTL base stock, alkylated benzene base stock,and ester base stock;

wherein the composition has a kinematic viscosity at 100° C. of about7.6 cSt or less, a Noack volatility at 250° C. of less than about 10%,and a viscosity index of at least about 90.

In one embodiment, the lubricant oil composition has a kinematicviscosity at 100° C. of about 7.6 cSt or less, about 7.0 cSt or less,about 6.5 cSt or less, about 6.0 cSt, about 5.5 cSt or less, or about5.0 cSt or less, a Noack volatility at 250° C. of less than about 10%,less than about 9%, less than about 8%, less than about 7%, or less thanabout 6%, and a viscosity index of at least about 90, at least about 95,at least about 100, at least about 105, at least about 110, at leastabout 115, or at least about 120.

Provided herein is an internal combustion engine oil, such as ancompression-ignition engine oil and a spark-ignition engine oil,comprising a lubricant oil composition provided herein.

In one embodiment, the lubricant oil composition provided herein has oneor more of the following properties selected from the group consistingof oxidation resistance, swell characteristics, deposit performance,reserve alkalinity, rust preventing quality, and levels of ash-formingcompound, improved as compared to an oil composition comprising a secondbase oil component as provided herein, but not comprising the first baseoil component as provided herein.

The kinematic viscosity of the lubricant oil compositions providedherein may be determined by any suitable method known to the person ofordinary skill in the art. In one embodiment, the kinematic viscosity isdetermined using a standardized method, such as ASTM D445, 2012,“Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and OpaqueLiquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity),” ASTM International,West Conshohocken, Pa., 2012, DOI: 10.1520/D0445-12, www.astm.org.

The Noack volatility of the lubricant oil compositions provided hereinmay be determined by any suitable method known to the person of ordinaryskill in the art. In one embodiment, the kinematic viscosity isdetermined using a standardized method, such as ASTM D5800, 2010,“Standard Test Method for Evaporation Loss of Lubricating Oils by theNoack Method,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pa., 2010, DOI:10.1520/D5800-10, www.astm.org.

The viscosity index of the lubricant oil compositions provided hereinmay be determined by any suitable method known to the person of ordinaryskill in the art. In one embodiment, the viscosity index is determinedusing a standardized method, such as ASTM D2270, 2010e1, “StandardPractice for Calculating Viscosity Index From Kinematic Viscosity at 40and 100° C.,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pa., 2010, DOI:10.1520/D2270-10E01, www.astm.org.

In one embodiment, the lubricant oil composition provided herein has aCCS viscosity of less than 3500 cP at −35° C. as determined by ASTMD5293, and an HTHS viscosity of less than 2.6 mPa·s at 150° C. asdetermined by ASTM D4683. In a further embodiment, the lubricant oilcomposition provided herein has a kinematic viscosity of from about 20to about 80 cSt, or from about 30 to about 40 cSt as measured at 40° C.in accordance with the ASTM D445, for example, ASTM D445, 2012,“Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and OpaqueLiquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity),” ASTM International,West Conshohocken, Pa., 2012, DOI: 10.1520/D0445-12, www.astm.org. Inanother embodiment, the lubricant oil composition provided herein showsa kinematic viscosity range from at 100° C. from about 4 to about 6 cSt.

4.2.1 First Base Oil Component

Provided herein is a lubricant oil composition comprising a first baseoil component in the amount of about 1 weight % to about 50 weight %based on the total weight of the oil composition, wherein the first baseoil component comprises a compound of Formula I

wherein R is (C₁₈-C₄₀)alkyl, (C₅-C₄₀)cycloalkyl, (C₅-C₄₀)aryl,(C₇-C₉)aralkyl; and wherein the aralkyl is optionally substituted with(C₁-C₃₆)alkyl or (C₆-C₄₀)alkenyl.

In one embodiment, the first base oil component has a kinematicviscosity at 100° C. of equal or less than about 7.0 cSt, a Noackvolatility at 250° C. of less than about 8%, and a viscosity index equalor higher than about 80. In another embodiment, the first base oilcomponent has a kinematic viscosity at 100° C. of about 6.0 cSt or less.In one embodiment, the first base oil component has a pour point ofabout 0° C. or less.

In another embodiment, the first base oil component has a kinematicviscosity at 100° C. of equal or less than about 7.0 cSt, equal or lessthan about 6.5 cSt, equal or less than about 6.0 cSt, equal or less thanabout 5.5 cSt, equal or less than about 5.0 cSt, or from about 5.0 cStto about 7.0 cSt, a Noack volatility at 250° C. of less than about 8%,less than about 12%, less than about 11%, less than about 10%, less thanabout 9%, less than about 7%, less than about 6%, less than about 5%, orless than about 4%, and a viscosity index equal or higher than about 80,or higher than about 85, or higher than about 90, or higher than about95, or higher than about 100.

The kinematic viscosity, Noack volatility or viscosity index of thefirst base oil component of the lubricant oil composition providedherein may be determined by any suitable method known to the person ofordinary skill in the art. In one embodiment, the kinematic viscosity,Noack volatility and viscosity index is determined using thestandardized methods referenced in Section 4.2 hereinabove.

Further provided herein is a lubricant oil composition comprising afirst base oil component in the amount of about 1 wt % to about 40 wt %,about 1 wt % to about 30 wt %, about 1 wt % to about 20 wt %, about 1 wt% to about 10 wt %, about 5 wt % to about 50 wt %, about 10 wt % toabout 50 wt %, about 20 wt % to about 50 wt %, about 30 wt % to about 50wt %, about 40 wt % to about 50 wt %, about 10 wt % to about 20 wt %,about 20 wt % to about 30 wt %, or about 10 wt % to about 40 wt %, basedon the total weight of the oil composition. In one embodiment, thelubricant oil composition comprises a first base oil component in theamount of about 20 wt % to about 30 wt % based on the total weight ofthe oil composition.

In one embodiment, the first base oil component comprises a compound ofFormula I, wherein R is (C₁₈-C₃₂)alkyl. In one embodiment, the firstbase oil component comprises a compound of Formula I, wherein R is(C₂₀-C₂₄)alkyl. In one embodiment, the first base oil componentcomprises a compound of Formula I, wherein R is C₁₈ alkyl. In oneembodiment, the first base oil component comprises a compound of FormulaI, wherein R is C₂₀ alkyl. In one embodiment, the first base oilcomponent comprises a compound of Formula I, wherein R is C₃₂ alkyl.

In one embodiment, the first base oil component comprises a mixture oftwo or more compounds of Formula I. For example, the first base oilcomponent comprises a mixture of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 or morecompounds of Formula I. In one embodiment, the first base oil componentcomprises a mixture of two or more compounds of Formula I, wherein atleast one compound is a compound of Formula I, wherein R is a C₂₀ alkyland at least one compound is a compound of Formula I, wherein R is a C₂₄alkyl. In another embodiment, the first base oil component comprises amixture of two or more compounds of Formula I, wherein at least onecompound is a compound of Formula I, wherein R is a C₁₈ alkyl and atleast one compound is a compound of Formula I, wherein R is a(C₂₀-C₂₄)alkyl.

In one embodiment, the first base oil component comprises a compound ofFormula I, wherein R is (C₁₈-C₃₂) Guerbet alkyl. In one embodiment, thefirst base oil component comprises a compound of Formula I, wherein R isC₁₈ Guerbet alkyl. In one embodiment, the first base oil componentcomprises a compound of Formula I, wherein R is C₂₀ Guerbet alkyl. Inone embodiment, the first base oil component comprises a compound ofFormula I, wherein R is C₂₄ Guerbet alkyl. In one embodiment, the firstbase oil component comprises a compound of Formula I, wherein R is C₂₈Guerbet alkyl. In one embodiment, the first base oil component comprisesa compound of Formula I, wherein R is C₃₂ Guerbet alkyl.

In one embodiment, the first base oil component comprises a mixture oftwo or more compounds of Formula I, wherein R for each of the two ormore compounds is independently selected from (C₁₈-C₄₀)alkyl,(C₅-C₄₀)cycloalkyl, (C₅-C₄₀)aryl, (C₇-C₉)aralkyl, (C₁₈-C₃₂)alkyl,(C₂₀-C₂₄)alkyl, C₁₈ alkyl, C₂₀ alkyl, C₃₂ alkyl, (C₁₈-C₃₂) Guerbetalkyl, C₁₈ Guerbet alkyl, C₂₀ Guerbet alkyl, C₂₄ Guerbet alkyl, C₂₈Guerbet alkyl, or C₃₂ Guerbet alkyl.

In one embodiment, the compound of Formula I is a compound, wherein R isC₁-C₃₀₀ linear alkyl, or a C₁₂-C₃₂ linear alkyl or a C₁₈-C₃₂ branchedalkyl. In one embodiment, the compound of Formula I is a compound,wherein R is a C₃ alkyl, a C₄ alkyl, a C₅ alkyl, a C₆ alkyl, a C₈ alkyl,a C₁₀ alkyl, a C₁₂ alkyl, a C₁₄ alkyl, a C₁₆ alkyl, or a C₁₈ alkyl. Inanother embodiment, the first base oil component is a mixture of C₁₀-C₁₄alkyl naphthalenes, or a mixture of C₆-C₁₈ alkyl naphthalenes, or themono C₃, C₄, C₅, C₆, C₈, C₁₀, C₁₂, C₁₄, C₁₆, C₁₈ alkyl naphthalene andmixtures thereof, or the alkyl-derivatives of monomethyl, dimethyl,ethyl, diethyl, or methylethyl naphthalenes, or mixtures thereof.

In a further embodiment, the compound of Formula I is a compound,wherein R is a C₁₀-C₃₀₀ branched alkyl, or C₂₄-C₅₆ branched alkyl.

The compounds Formula I can be prepared by methods known to the personof ordinary skill in the art. In particular, suitable methods involvethe alkylation of naphthalene with an olefin, alcohol, alkyl halide, orother alkylating agents known to those of ordinary skill in the art inthe presence of a catalyst. The catalyst is a suitable Lewis acid orsuper acid. Suitable Lewis acids are, for example, boron trifluoride,iron trichloride, tin tetrachloride, zinc dichloride, and antimonypentafluoride. Furthermore, acidic clays, silica, or alumina aresuitable. See for example U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,604,491 and 4,764,794, all ofwhich are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. Suitablesuper acid catalysts include trifluoromethane sulfonic acid,hydrofluoric acid or trifluoromethylbenzene sulfonic acid. Othersuitable catalysts include acidic zeolite catalysts, such as ZeoliteBeta, Zeolite Y, ZSM-5, ZSM-35, and USY. In one embodiment, alkylatednaphthalenes may be obtained by alkylating naphthalene with an olefinusing aluminum chloride as a catalyst. The use of a co-catalyst such asnitromethane or nitrobenzene to promote the reaction is also suitable.See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 2,754,548, which is incorporated hereinby reference in its entirety. In another embodiment, alkylatednaphthalenes may be obtained by alkylating naphthalene with an olefinusing trifluoromethane sulfonic acid as a catalyst.

In one embodiment, compounds other than naphthalene may be alkylated toprovide suitable alkylated naphthalenes. In a particular embodiment, theaddition of longer chain alkyl groups, e.g., about C₆ to C₃₀, to shortchain alkylated naphthalenes, e.g., methyl naphthalene, ethylnaphthalene, propyl naphthalene, butyl naphthalene, isopropylnaphthalene, and diisopropyl naphthalene, is suitable.

Suitable poly-alphaolefins may be derived from alphaolefins, i.e.,alk-1-enyls, which include but are not limited to C₂ to C₃₂alphaolefins, C₁₂ to C₁₈ alphaolefins, C₁₀ to C₃₂ alphaolefins, such as1-decene, 1-dodecene, and 1-octadecene. In one embodiment, usefulpolyalphaolefins are poly-1-decene or poly-1-dodecene, poly-1-hexadeceneor poly-1-hexadecenedecene, poly-1-octadecene or poly-1-octadecene.

Suitable alpha-olefins useful in this process for introducing linearalkyl groups are, for example, 1-dodecene, 1-tridecene, 1-tetradecene,1-hexadecene, 1-octadecene, 1-eicosene, 1-docosene, 1-tetracosene or1-triacontene, α-methyl styrene or mixtures thereof. Mixtures of thealpha-olefins, e.g., mixtures of C₁₂-C₂₀, or C₁₄-C₁₈ olefins or C₁₆-C₁₈olefins, are also useful. These alpha-olefins are largely items ofcommerce or are made by the telomerization of ethylene by known methods.Straight chain alkenes containing an internal double bond may be forexample 5-dodecene or 9-tricosene. These alkenes are also largely itemsof commerce.

Branched alkyl groups can be prepared from oligomerization of smallolefins, such as C₅-C₂₄ alpha- or internal-olefins. When the branchedalkyl group is very large (that is 8 to 300 carbons), usually only oneor two of such alkyl groups are attached to the naphthalene core. Thealkyl groups on the naphthalene ring can also be mixtures of the abovealkyl groups. In one embodiment, mixed alkyl groups are advantageous,because they provide improvement of pour points and low temperaturefluid properties, such as low temperature fluidity, stability andsolvency.

Other useful alkylating agents, which may be used, include alcohols(inclusive of monoalcohols, dialcohols, trialcohols, etc.) such ashexanols, heptanols, octanols, nonanols, decanols, undecanols,dodecanols and octadecanols; and alkyl halides such as hexyl chlorides,octyl chlorides, dodecyl chlorides; and higher homologs. Also useful forpreparing compounds of Formula I are various branched Guerbet alcoholscontaining up to 32 carbon atoms and sold under the trade name ISOFOL®by Sasol. Examples of useful alcohols include ISOFOL® 18 T, 18E, 20, 24,28, and 32.

Other non-limiting examples of alkylating agents are those derived fromuncrosslinked polyisoprenes or polybutadienes, e.g., KRASOL® LB 3000having a molecular weight M_(n) of 2300-3000, polyisobutylenes e.g., TPC535(MW 350), TPC 595(MW 950), TPC 5230(MW 2300), TPC 150(MW 500), TPC137(MW 350), TPC 160(MW 600), TPC 168(MW 680), TPC 175(MW 750), TPC181(MW 810), TPC 1105(MW 1000), TPC 1160(MW 1600), and TPC 1285(MW 3000)from Texas Petrochemicals, polybutenes. Other examples include L-14(Mn370), L-50(Mn 455), L-65(Mn 435), L-100(Mn 510), H-15(Mn 600), H-25(Mn670), H-35(Mn 725), H-40(Mn 750), H-50(Mn 815), H-100(Mn 940), H-300(Mn1330), H-1500(Mn 2145), and H-1900(Mn 2270) from AMOCO, polybutenes PB24 (Mn 950), PB 32(Mn 1200-1375), PB 122(Mn 2225), PB 124(Mn 2400), andPB 128(Mn 2600) from Soltex. Still other examples include copolymers ofmono- and diolefins, for example propylene/butadiene copolymers,styrene/butadiene copolymers or acrylonitrile/butadiene copolymers,terpolymers such as styrene/butadiene/alkylacrylate, terpolymers orstyrene/butadiene/methacrylate terpolymers oracrylonitrile/alkylmethacrylate/butadiene terpolymers, terpolymers withethylene, propylene and a diene, typically hexadiene, dicyclopentadiene,norbornadiene or ethylidenenorbornene, block copolymers of styrene, suchas styrene/butadiene/styrene or styrene/isoprene/styrene, graftcopolymers of styrene or α-methylstyrene on polybutadiene, polybutadienecontaining terminal hydroxyl groups, e.g., KRASOL® LBH 3000, linearpolycyclopentadienes or cyclic olefins polymerized by ring-openingmetathesis, e.g., polyoctenamers, for example VESTENAMER® L 3000 (Huls)having a molecular weight M_(n) of about 2300-3000, or polynorbornenes,e.g., of the NORSOREX® type (Nippon Zeon), as well as allpolyunsaturated polymeric basic compounds grafted with cyclopentadieneby the Diels-Alder method of the above-mentioned type. It isparticularly advantageous to use homo- and copolymers of diolefins, forexample butadiene, isoprene or pentadiene, and also of cyclic,optionally polynuclear, diolefins, typically dicyclopentadiene ornorbornene as well as ring-opening polymerized cyclic olefins, e.g.,polyoctenamers or polynorbornenes.

Typically the compounds of Formula I, such as alkyl naphthalenes may beprepared by alkylation of naphthalene or short chain alkyl naphthalene,such as methyl or dimethyl naphthalene, with olefins, alcohols oralkylchlorides of 6 to 24 carbons over acidic catalyst inducing typicalFriedel Crafts catalysts. Typical Friedel-Crafts catalysts are AlCl₃,BF₃, HT, zeolites, amorphous alumniosilicates, acid clays, acidic metaloxides or metal salts, or USY. See U.S. Pat. No. 5,034,563, U.S. Pat.No. 5,516,954, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,436,882, all of which areincorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

An α-olefin or internal olefin can be oligomerized in the presence ofpromoted catalyst to give predominantly olefin dimer and higheroligomers. Once the reaction has gone to completion, an aromaticcomposition containing one or more naphthalene compound is reacted withthe oligomers, in the presence of the same catalyst, to give alkylatedaromatic base oil components in high yield.

The naphthalene or mono substituted short chain alkyl naphthalenes canbe derived from any conventional naphthalene-producing process frompetroleum, petrochemical process or coal process or source stream.Naphthalene-containing feeds can be made from aromatization of suitablestreams available from the F-T process. For example, aromatization ofolefins or paraffins can produce naphthalene or naphthalene-containingcomponent (DE84-3414705, US20060138024 A1, both of which areincorporated herein in their entireties). Many medium or light cycleoils from petroleum refining processes contain significant amounts ofnaphthalene, substituted naphthalenes or naphthalene derivatives.Indeed, substituted naphthalenes recovered from whatever source, ifpossessing up to about three alkyl carbons can be used as raw materialto produce alkylnaphthalene for lubricant oil compositions providedherein. Furthermore, alkylated naphtahlenes of Formula I recovered fromwhatever source or processing can be used the lubricant oil compositionsprovided herein, provided they possess kinematic viscosities, viscosityindex and Noack volatility as previously recited.

4.2.2 Second Base Oil Component

Provided herein is lubricant oil composition comprising a second baseoil component in the amount of about 0.1 weight % to about 80 weight %based on the total weight of the oil composition, wherein the secondbase oil component comprises one or more of a polyalphaolefin (PAO) basestock, Group II base stock, Group III base stock, Group V base stock,GTL base stock, alkylated benzene base stock, and ester base stock.

In one embodiment, the second base oil component comprises apolyalphaolefin (PAO) base stock. In one embodiment, the second base oilcomponent comprises a Group II base stock. In one embodiment, the secondbase oil component comprises a Group III base stock. In one embodiment,the second base oil component comprises a Group V base stock. In oneembodiment, the second base oil component comprises a GTL base stock. Inone embodiment, the second base oil component comprises an alkylatedbenzene base stock. In one embodiment, the second base oil componentcomprises an ester base stock.

Further provided herein is a lubricant oil composition comprising asecond base oil component in the amount of about 0.1 wt % to about 70 wt%, about 0.1 wt % to about 60 wt %, about 0.1 wt % to about 50 wt %,about 0.1 wt % to about 40 wt %, about 0.1 wt % to about 30 wt %, about5 wt % to about 80 wt %, about 10 wt % to about 80 wt %, about 20 wt %to about 80 wt %, about 30 wt % to about 80 wt %, about 40 wt % to about80 wt %, about 50 wt % to about 80 wt %, about 60 wt % to about 80 wt %,about 70 wt % to about 80 wt %, about 10 wt % to about 20 wt %, about 20wt % to about 30 wt %, or about 10 wt % to about 40 wt %, based on thetotal weight of the oil composition. In one embodiment, the lubricantoil composition comprises a first base oil component in the amount ofabout of 70 wt % to about 80 wt % based on the total weight of the oilcomposition.

Further provided herein is a lubricant oil composition comprising afirst base oil component in the amount of about 1 wt % to about 40 wt %,about 1 wt % to about 30 wt %, about 1 wt % to about 20 wt %, about 1 wt% to about 10 wt %, about 5 wt % to about 50 wt %, about 10 wt % toabout 50 wt %, about 20 wt % to about 50 wt %, about 30 wt % to about 50wt %, about 40 wt % to about 50 wt %, about 10 wt % to about 20 wt %,about 20 wt % to about 30 wt %, or about 10 wt % to about 40 wt %, basedon the total weight of the oil composition, and a second base oilcomponent in the amount of about 0.1 wt % to about 70 wt %, about 0.1 wt% to about 60 wt %, about 0.1 wt % to about 50 wt %, about 0.1 wt % toabout 40 wt %, about 0.1 wt % to about 30 wt %, about 5 wt % to about 80wt %, about 10 wt % to about 80 wt %, about 20 wt % to about 80 wt %,about 30 wt % to about 80 wt %, about 40 wt % to about 80 wt %, about 50wt % to about 80 wt %, about 60 wt % to about 80 wt %, about 70 wt % toabout 80 wt %, about 10 wt % to about 20 wt %, about 20 wt % to about 30wt %, or about 10 wt % to about 40 wt %, based on the total weight ofthe oil composition.

As set forth in API BASE OIL INTERCHANGEABILITY GUIDELINES FOR PASSENGERCAR MOTOR OILS AND DIESEL ENGINE OILS, July 2009 Version—APPENDIX E,Group I base stocks contain less than about 90 percent saturates, testedaccording to ASTM D2007 and/or greater than about 0.03 percent sulfur,tested according to ASTM D1552, D2622, D3120, D4294, or D4927; and aviscosity index of greater than or equal to about 80 and less than about120, tested according to ASTM D2270. Group II base stocks containgreater than or equal to about 90 percent saturates; less than or equalto about 0.03 percent sulfur; and a viscosity index greater than orequal to about 80 and less than about 210. Group III base stocks containgreater than or equal to 90 percent saturates; less than or equal toabout 0.03 percent sulfur; and a viscosity index greater than or equalto about 120. Group IV base stocks are polyalphaolefins (PAOs). Group Vbase stocks include all other base stocks not included in Group I, II,III, or IV, such as naphthenics, esters, GTL and polyglycols.

The polyalphaolefin (“PAO”) is a polymer made by polymerizingalphaolefin. Base stock may be conveniently made by the polymerizationof an alphaolefin in the presence of a polymerization catalyst such asthe Friedel-Crafts catalysts including, for example, aluminumtrichloride, boron trifluoride or complexes of boron trifluoride withwater, alcohols such as ethanol, propanol or butanol, carboxylic acidsor esters such as ethyl acetate or ethyl propionate.

The PAO base stock may be made by any method known in the art. See, forexample, U.S. Pat. No. 3,149,178; U.S. Pat. No. 3,382,291; U.S. Pat. No.3,742,082; U.S. Pat. No. 3,769,363; U.S. Pat. No. 3,876,720; U.S. Pat.No. 4,149,178; U.S. Pat. No. 4,218,330; U.S. Pat. No. 4,239,930; U.S.Pat. No. 4,367,352; U.S. Pat. No. 4,413,156; U.S. Pat. No. 4,434,408;U.S. Pat. No. 4,910,355; U.S. Pat. No. 4,967,032; U.S. Pat. No.4,926,004; U.S. Pat. No. 4,956,122; U.S. Pat. No. 4,914,254; U.S. Pat.No. 4,827,073; U.S. Pat. No. 4,827,064; U.S. Pat. No. 5,068,487; all ofwhich are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. PAOfluids may be optionally substituted by, e.g., carboxylic acid esters.

The average molecular weight of the PAO base stock to be used in thelubricate oil composition provided herein varies from about 250 Da toabout 10,000 Da, or from about 300 Da to about 3,000 Da, with akinematic viscosity varying from about 3 cSt to about 10 cSt at 100° C.

In one embodiment, the concentrations of a compound of Formula I, inparticular, an alkylated naphthalene (AN), in the PAO base stock canvary from about 1 wt % to less than about 50 wt %, or from about 5 wt %to about 45 wt %, or from about 5 wt % to about 25 wt % of the totalweight of the lubricant oil composition.

In one embodiment, the PAO base stock comprises a carboxylic acid esterin the amount of less than about 10 wt % of the total weight of thelubricant oil composition. In a certain embodiment, the ester is anester of monohydric alcohols, having about 9 to 20 carbon atoms, and ofdibasic carboxylic acids, having from about 6 to 12 carbon atoms, suchas adipic or azelaic acid.

In one embodiment, the second base oil component is a PAO obtained bythe process disclosed in US 2013/0090273, which is incorporated hereinby reference in its entirety.

Group II and/or Group III base oils are complex mixtures of hundreds ofisomers of different carbon number (generally n-paraffins,cycloparaffins, and naphthenics) and contain some small amount ofunsaturation (generally less than 10%) as well as other trace impuritiessuch a sulfur and nitrogen. Group II and/or Group III base oils may beprepared, for example, in accordance with U.S. Pat. No. 5,935,417 andU.S. Pat. No. 5,993,644; both of which are incorporated herein byreference in their entireties. Typically, processes commonly used toproduce conventional mineral base oil stocks known in the art are firstapplied to the crude oil. For example, the crude oil may be subjected todistillation, solvent dewaxing, and solvent extraction of aromaticcompounds. To produce Group II and Group III base oils, the oil is thensubjected to further apart processing referred to in the art ashydrotreating, hydrocracking, hydroisomerization and hydrofining. Insuch a process, the oil is mixed with hydrogen in a reactor in thepresence of a catalyst to hydrogenate most of the double bonds orunsaturated hydrocarbons. Depending on the severity of thehydrotreatment, aromatic molecules still remaining after conventionalsolvent extraction are also hydrogenated to saturated ring structures.In addition, the saturated ring structures can also be ring opened tolinear molecules. Most of the sulfur and nitrogen impurities areconverted to hydrogen sulfide and ammonia which are removed. In someinstances, the feed for this hydrotreating process is not a conventionalbase oil at all, but the waste products isolated during solventdewaxing. The result is a base oil which has more n-paraffins andisoparaffins than traditional base oils, low unsaturation (generallyless than 2%), very low levels of sulfur and nitrogen impurities, and ahigh viscosity index. Group III base oils are subjected to a more severehydrotreating process than Group II base oils.

Gas to Liquids (“GTL”) base stock can be obtained by a process thatconverts natural gas into synthetic oil, which can then be furtherprocessed into fuels and other hydrocarbon based products. This processresults in extremely pure synthetic crude oil that is virtually free ofcontaminants such as sulfur, aromatics and metals, which in turn can berefined into products, such as diesel fuel, and other petroleum orspecialty products. Typical GTL base stock properties are listed inTABLE 1 below in comparison with typical Group III and PAO base stocks.

TABLE 1 Typical Typical Properties Group III PAO GTL Kinematic viscositycSt @ 100° C. 3.9 4.0 3.8 Viscosity Index 143 124 140 Noack volatilitywt % off 15.6 12.7 14.5 max Pour point, ° C. −18 <−64 −21 Sulfur, ppm <4<1 <1

An alkylated benzene base stock comprises alkylated benzene of FormulaII with kinematic viscosity at 100° C. of 1.5 to 6.0 cSt, a viscosityindex of 0 to 200 and pour point of 0° C. or less, or −15° C. or less,or −25° C. or less, or −35° C. or less, or −60° C. or less.

The alkylated benzene for use as a second base oil component is acompound of Formula II

wherein x=1 to 6, or 1 to 5, or 1 to 4. When the compound of Formula IIis a monoalkylated benzene, R can be linear C₁₀ to C₃₀ alkyl group or aC₁₀-C₃₀₀ branched alkyl group, or a C₁₀-C₁₀₀ branched alkyl group, or aC₁₅-C₅₀ branched alkyl group. When n is 2 or greater than 2, one or twoof the alkyl groups can be a C₁ to C₅ alkyl group, or C₁-C₂ alkyl group.The other alkyl group or groups can be any combination of linear C₁₀-C₃₀alkyl group, or branched C₁₀ to C₃₀₀ alkyl group, or C₁₅-C₅₀ branchedalkyl group. These branched large alkyl radicals can be prepared fromthe oligomerization or polymerization of C₃ to C₂₀, internal oralpha-olefins or mixture of these olefins. The total number of carbonsin the alkyl substituents ranges from C₁₀ to C₃₀₀. In one embodiment,the alkylated benzene stock may be prepared according to U.S. Pat. No.6,071,864, U.S. Pat. No. 6,491,809, or EP 0,168,534; all of which areincorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

In one embodiment, the molar ratio of aromatic compound to α-olefinoligomers is from about 0.05:1 to about 20:1. In another embodiment, theratio of aromatic compound to α-olefin oligomers is from about 0.1:1 toabout 8:1.

In one embodiment, the alkylaromatic fluids used in the lubricant oilcomposition provided herein have pour points of 0° C. or less. Inanother embodiment, the alkyl methyl benzene fluid was preparedaccording to procedures described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,071,864, which isincorporated herein by reference in its entirety, starting from theoligomerization of a mixture of C₈, C₁₀ and C₁₂ linear alpha olefins,over a promoted BF₃ catalyst to produce a product which is reacted withtoluene over the same catalyst at same reaction temperature.

A dialkylbenzene (“DAB”) as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,491,809 canalso be used in the lubricant oil composition provided herein. DAB canbe prepared by repeated alkylation of benzene, e.g., alkylation ofbenzene to give mono-alkylbenzene, followed by further alkylation ofthis mono-alkylbenzene in the same reactor or in a separate reactor.Alkylbenzenes can also be obtained from many detergent alkylbenzeneprocesses. In these processes, linear alkylbenzene (“LAB”) is producedby alkylation of benzene over alkylation catalyst. The mono-alkyl LAB isused as raw material for detergent production.

Further, it has been found that the hydrogenated analogues of thealkylated naphthalene or alkylated benzene described above are alsoeffective base oil stocks, and hydrodewaxed or hydroisomerized/catalytic(and/or solvent) dewaxed wax derived base stocks/base oils. Further, ithas been found that the alkylated naphthalene or alkylated benzenefluids can provide un-expected improvement of oxidation stability of theblends with GTL fluids. This oxidative stability improvement can bedemonstrated by longer RBOT (ASTM D2272 method) or other oxidation testmethods. Further, it has been found that the alkylated naphthalene oralkylated benzene fluids can improve the polarity of the blends with GTLfluids. This higher polarity of the blend indicates a better solubilityof additives and other polar components formed during oil service. Thus,the blend with these alkylated aromatic fluids can provide higher levelof finished lubricant performance.

In one embodiment, the second base oil component is an ester. Additivesolvency and seal compatibility characteristics may be secured by theuse of esters, such as the esters of dibasic acids with monoalkanols andthe polyol esters of mono-carboxylic acids. Esters of the former typeinclude, for example, the esters of dicarboxylic acids such as phthalicacid, succinic acid, alkyl succinic acid, alkenyl succinic acid, maleicacid, azelaic acid, suberic acid, sebacic acid, fumaric acid, adipicacid, linoleic acid dimer, malonic acid, alkyl malonic acid, alkenylmalonic acid; with a variety of alcohols such as butyl alcohol, hexylalcohol, dodecyl alcohol, 2-ethylhexyl alcohol, etc. In one embodiment,the ester is dibutyl adipate, di(2-ethylhexyl)sebacate, di-n-hexylfumarate, dioctyl sebacate, diisooctyl azelate, diisodecyl azelate,dioctyl phthalate, didecyl phthalate, or dieicosyl sebacate.

In one embodiment, the synthetic esters are those full or partial esterswhich are obtained by reacting one or more polyhydric alcohols (e.g.,the hindered polyols such as the neopentyl polyols, e.g., neopentylglycol, trimethylol ethane, 2-methyl-2-propyl-1,3-propanediol,trimethylol propane, pentaerythritol and dipentaerythritol) withalkanoic acids containing at least about 4 carbon atoms (e.g., C₅ to C₃₀acids such as saturated straight chain fatty acids including caprylicacid, capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearicacid, arachic acid, and behenic acid, or the corresponding branchedchain fatty acids or unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic acid).

Suitable synthetic ester components include the esters of trimethylolpropane, trimethylol butane, trimethylol ethane, pentaerythritol and/ordipentaerythritol with one or more monocarboxylic acids containing fromabout 5 to about 10 carbon atoms.

In one embodiment, the ester is an ester of a phosphorus-containingacid, such as tricresyl phosphate, trioctyl phosphate, or diethyl esterof decanephosphonic acid.

4.2.3 Additives

In one embodiment, the engine oil composition comprises a lubricant oilcomposition as provided herein, which further comprises one or moreadditives. In a particular embodiment, the lubricant oil compositionsprovided comprise one or more additives and are formulated as internalcombustion engine oil compositions.

In one embodiment, the lubricant oil composition further comprises oneor more additives in an amount up to about 20 wt %, or up to about 5%,or from about 0.001 wt % to about 10 wt %, of the total weight of thelubricant oil composition.

In some embodiments, the lubricant oil compositions provided hereinfurther comprise one or more additives, wherein the additive is adetergent, a dispersant, an antioxidant, a pour point depressant, aviscosity index (VI) improver, an anti-wear agent, an extreme pressureadditive, a friction modifier, a demulsifier, an antifoamant, acorrosion inhibitor, a seal swell control additive, or a metaldeactivator. In a certain embodiment, the lubricant oil compositionsprovided herein further comprise one or more additives, wherein theadditive is a detergent, a dispersants, a antioxidant, a anti-wearagent, or a VI improver.

An effective amount of one or more additives can be added to, blendedinto or admixed with the base stock to meet one or more formulatedproduct specifications, such as those relating to a lubricating oilcomposition for diesel engines, internal combustion engines, automatictransmissions, turbine or jet, hydraulic oil, industrial oil, etc., asis known to the person of ordinary skill in the art. Further informationon commonly used additives, such as the additives discussed in Section4.2.3, is discussed in Klamann, “Lubricants and Related Products,”Verlag Chemie, Deerfield Beach, Fla. (ISBN 0-89573-177-0) and Ronney, M.W., “Lubricant Additives,” Noyes Data Corporation, Parkridge, N.J.(1973). Additive packages comprising one or more additives arecommercially available for blending with base stocks or a mixture ofbase stocks to formulate lubricating oil compositions for meetingperformance specifications required for different applications orintended uses.

In certain embodiments, when lubricant oil composition further comprisesone or more additives, for example, one or more additives discussed inSection 4.2.3, the additive(s) are blended into the lubricant oilcomposition in an amount sufficient for the additive(s) to perform theintended function. Exemplary amounts of additives that may be blendedwith lubricant oil compositions provided herein are shown in TABLE 2below. In some embodiments, the exemplary amount is the total for alladditives of one type comprised in the lubricant oil composition. Forexample, if the lubricant oil composition comprises two or moredetergents, the total wt % of all detergents present in the lubricantoil composition amounts to the wt % given in TABLE 2.

TABLE 2 Exemplary amounts Exemplary amounts Additive in wt %^(#) in wt%^(#) Detergent(s) about 0.01-about 6.0 about 0.01-about 4.0Dispersant(s) about 0.1-about 20 about 0.1-about 8 Antioxidant(s) about0.01-about 5 about 0.01-about 1.5 Pour Point about 0.01-about 5.0 about0.01-about 1.5 Depressant(s) VI Improver(s) about 0.01-about 0.25 about0.01-about 0.25 Anti-Wear and about 0.01-about 6 about 0.01-about 4 EPadditive(s) Friction Modifier(s) about 0.01-about 5 about 0.01-about 1.5Demulsifier(s) about 0.05-about 15 about 0.1-about 3 Antifoamant(s)about 0.001-about 3 about 0.001-about 0.15 Corrosion about 0.01-about 5about 0.01-about 1.5 Inhibitor(s) Seal Swell about 0.01-about 3 about0.01-about 2 Control Additive(s) Metal Deactivator(s) about 0.001-about0.35 about 0.1-about 0.35 ^(#)wt % of total weight of lubricant oilcomposition comprising one or more additives of the same category.

In one embodiment, the lubricant oil composition consists essentially ofa first base oil component, a second base oil component in the amount ofabout 0.1 wt % to about 90 wt %, and one or more additives in the rangeslisted in TABLE 2. In one embodiment, the lubricant oil compositioncomprises a first base oil component, a second base oil component in theamount of about 0.1 wt % to about 90 wt %, and one or more additives inthe ranges listed in TABLE 2. In another embodiment, the lubricant oilcomposition comprises a first base oil component in the amount of about1 wt % to about 50 wt %, a second base oil component in the amount ofabout 10 wt % to about 80 wt %, and one or more additives in the rangeslisted in TABLE 2.

Many of the commercially available additives are shipped from themanufacturer and are provided with a certain amount of base oil solvent.The wt % amounts in TABLE 2, as well as other amounts mentioned in thisdisclosure, unless otherwise indicated are directed to the amount ofactual additive, i.e., the non-solvent portion of the commerciallyavailable additive mixture.

Additives and the amount in which they may be used for lubricant oilcompositions provided herein are, for example, discussed inUS2013/0090273, and WO 2004/031329 A2, each of which is incorporatedherein by reference in its entirety.

4.2.3.1 Detergents

In one embodiment, the lubricant oil composition provided herein furthercomprises a detergent, or two or more detergents. Such lubricant oilcompositions further comprising a detergent, or two or more detergents,can be used, for example, as internal combustion engine oils.

Detergents are used in lubricating compositions. A typical detergent isan anionic material that contains a long chain hydrophobic portion ofthe molecule and a smaller anionic or oleophobic hydrophilic portion ofthe molecule. The anionic portion of the detergent is typically derivedfrom an organic acid such as a sulfur acid, carboxylic acid, phosphorousacid, phenol, or mixtures thereof. The counterion is typically analkaline earth or alkali metal.

Salts that contain a substantially stoichiometric amount of the metalare described as neutral salts and have a total base number (“TBN,” asmeasured, for example, by ASTM D2896, 2011, “Standard Test Method forBase Number of Petroleum Products by Potentiometric Perchloric AcidTitration,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pa., 2011, DOI:10.1520/D2896-11, www.astm.org.) of from 0 to 80. Many compositions areoverbased, containing large amounts of a metal base that is achieved byreacting an excess of a metal compound (e.g., a metal hydroxide oroxide) with an acidic gas (e.g., carbon dioxide). In one embodiment, thedetergent is neutral, mildly overbased, or highly overbased.

In one embodiment, the detergent is partly overbased. Overbaseddetergents help neutralize acidic impurities produced by the combustionprocess and become entrapped in the oil. In one embodiment, theoverbased detergent has a ratio of metallic ion to anionic portion ofthe detergent of about 1.05:1 to about 50:1, or from about 4:1 to about25:1, on an equivalent basis. The resulting detergent is an overbaseddetergent that will typically have a TBN of about 150 or higher, oftenabout 250 to 450 or more. In one embodiment, the overbasing cation issodium, calcium, or magnesium. In one embodiment, the detergent is amixture of detergents having different TBNs.

In one embodiment, the detergent is an alkali or alkaline earth metalsalts of a sulfonates, phenate, carboxylate, phosphate, or salicylate.

Sulfonates may be prepared from sulfonic acids that are typically isobtained by sulfonation of alkyl substituted aromatic hydrocarbons.Hydrocarbon examples include those obtained, for example, by alkylatingbenzene, toluene, xylene, naphthalene, biphenyl and their halogenatedderivatives (chlorobenzene, chlorotoluene, and chloronaphthalene, forexample). The alkylating agents typically have about 3 to 70 carbonatoms. The alkaryl sulfonates typically contain about 9 to about 80carbon or more carbon atoms, more typically from about 16 to 60 carbonatoms.

Further, see Klamann, “Lubricants and Related Products,” Verlag Chemie,Deerfield Beach, Fla. (ISBN 0-89573-177-0) and C. V. Smallheer and R. K.Smith “Lubricant Additives,” Lezius-Hiles Co. of Cleveland, Ohio (1967)for a description of overbased metal salts of various sulfonic acids,which are useful as detergents in the lubricant oil composition providedherein.

In another embodiment, the detergent is an alkaline earth phenates.Alkaline earth phenates can be obtained by reacting alkaline earth metalhydroxide or oxide (e.g., CaO, Ca(OH)₂, BaO, Ba(OH)₂, MgO, Mg(OH)₂) withan alkyl phenol or sulfurized alkylphenol. Such alkyl group includesstraight chain or branched (C₁-C₃₀) or (C₄-C₂₀) alkyl groups. The phenolis, for example, isobutylphenol, 2-ethylhexylphenol, nonylphenol, anddodecyl phenol. When a non-sulfurized alkylphenol is used, thesulfurized product may be obtained by methods well known in the art.These methods include heating a mixture of alkylphenol (startingalkylphenols may contain more than one alkyl substituent that are eachindependently straight chain or branched) and sulfurizing agent(including elemental sulfur, sulfur halides, such as sulfur dichloride)and then reacting the sulfurized phenol with an alkaline earth metalbase.

In another embodiment, the detergent is a metal salt of a carboxylicacid. These carboxylic acid detergents may be prepared by the reactionof a basic metal compound with at least one carboxylic acid and removingfree water from the reaction product. These compounds may be overbasedto produce the desired TBN level. In a particular embodiment, thedetergent is a metal salt of salicylic acid. In a certain embodiment,the salicylic acid is a long chain alkyl salicylates. In a particularembodiment, the metal salt of the salicylic acid is a compound of thefollowing formula:

wherein R is a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to about 30carbon atoms, n is an integer from 1 to 4, and M is an alkaline earthmetal. In a certain embodiment, R is at least a C₁₁, or at least C₁₃alkyl chain. In a particular embodiment, R may be optionally substitutedwith substituents that do not interfere with the detergent's function.In one embodiment, M is calcium, magnesium, or barium. In a particularembodiment, M is calcium. See also US2013/0090273, which is incorporatedherein by reference in its entirety.

Hydrocarbyl-substituted salicylic acids may be prepared from phenols bythe Kolbe reaction. See U.S. Pat. No. 3,595,791 for additionalinformation on synthesis of these compounds, which is incorporatedherein by reference in its entirety. The metal salts of thehydrocarbyl-substituted salicylic acids may be prepared by doubledecomposition of a metal salt in a polar solvent such as water oralcohol.

In one embodiment, the detergent is an alkaline earth metal phosphates.

In one embodiment, the detergent is a simple detergent or a hybrid orcomplex detergent. The hybrid or complex detergents can provide theproperties of two detergents without the need to blend separatematerials. See hereto U.S. Pat. No. 6,034,039, which is incorporatedherein by reference in its entirety.

In a particular embodiment, the detergent is a calcium phenate, acalcium sulfonates, a calcium salicylates, a magnesium phenates, amagnesium sulfonates, a magnesium salicylates, or related components(such as borated detergents).

In one embodiment, the lubricant oil composition comprises a detergent,two one or more detergents, in the amount of about 0.01 wt % to about6.0 wt %, or about 0.1 wt % to about 4.0 wt % of the total weight of thelubricant oil composition.

4.2.3.2 Dispersants

In one embodiment, the lubricant oil composition provided herein furthercomprises a dispersant, or two or more dispersants. Such lubricant oilcompositions further comprising a dispersant, or two or moredispersants, can be used, for example, as internal combustion engineoils.

During engine operation, oil-insoluble oxidation byproducts areproduced. Dispersants help keep these byproducts in solution, thusdiminishing their deposition on metal surfaces. In one embodiment, thedispersant is ashless or ash-forming. In one embodiment, the dispersantis ashless. So called ashless dispersants are organic materials thatform substantially no ash upon combustion. For example,non-metal-containing or borated metal-free dispersants are consideredashless. In contrast, metal-containing detergents discussed above formash upon combustion.

In one embodiment, the dispersant is a high molecular weight hydrocarbonchain, such as a hydrocarbon chain with 50 to 400 carbon atoms, with apolar group attached. In certain embodiments, the polar group comprisesat least one element of nitrogen, oxygen, or phosphorus.

In certain embodiment, the dispersant is a phenate, sulfonate,sulfurized phenate, salicylate, naphthenate, stearate, carbamate,thiocarbamate, or phosphorus derivative. In a particular embodiment, thedispersant is a alkenylsuccinic acid derivative, produced by, forexample, the reaction of a long chain substituted alkenyl succiniccompound, for example, a substituted succinic anhydride, with apolyhydroxy or polyamino compound. The long chain group constituting theoleophilic portion of the molecule, which confers solubility in the oil,is, for example, a polyisobutylene group. Exemplary U.S. patentsdescribing dispersants are U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,172,892; 3,2145,707;3,219,666; 3,316,177; 3,341,542; 3,444,170; 3,454,607; 3,541,012;3,630,904; 3,632,511; 3,787,374 and 4,234,435, all of which areincorporated herein by reference in their entireties. Other dispersantsare described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,036,003; 3,200,107; 3,254,025;3,275,554; 3,438,757; 3,454,555; 3,565,804; 3,413,347; 3,697,574;3,725,277; 3,725,480; 3,726,882; 4,454,059; 3,329,658; 3,449,250;3,519,565; 3,666,730; 3,687,849; 3,702,300; 4,100,082; 5,705,458; all ofwhich are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. Afurther description of dispersants may be found, for example, inEuropean Patent Application No. 471 071, which is incorporated herein byreference in its entirety.

In one embodiment, the dispersant is a hydrocarbyl-substituted succinicacid. In a particular embodiment, the dispersant is a succinimide,succinate ester, or succinate ester amide prepared by the reaction of ahydrocarbon-substituted succinic acid compound having, for example, atleast 50 carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon substituent, with at least oneequivalent of an alkylene amine.

Succinimides are formed by the condensation reaction between alkenylsuccinic anhydrides and amines. Molar ratios can vary depending on thepolyamine. For example, the molar ratio of alkenyl succinic anhydride totetraethylenepentamine (“TEPA”) can vary from about 1:1 to about 5:1.Representative examples are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,087,936;3,172,892; 3,219,666; 3,272,746; 3,322,670; and 3,652,616, 3,948,800;and Canada Pat. No. 1,094,044; all of which are herein incorporated byreference in their entireties.

Succinate esters are formed by the condensation reaction between alkenylsuccinic anhydrides and alcohols or polyols. Molar ratios can varydepending on the alcohol or polyol used. In one embodiment, thedispersant is obtained by the condensation of an alkenyl succinicanhydride and pentaerythritol.

Succinate ester amides are formed by condensation reaction betweenalkenyl succinic anhydrides and alkanol amines. In one embodiment, thealkanol amines is ethoxylated polyalkylpolyamine, propoxylatedpolyalkylpolyamine or a polyalkenylpolyamine, such as polyethylenepolyamine. In a particular embodiment, the alkanol amine is propoxylatedhexamethylenediamine. Representative examples are shown in U.S. Pat. No.4,426,305, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

The molecular weight of the alkenyl succinic anhydrides used in thepreceding paragraphs is, for example, from about 800 to about 2,500. Theabove products can be post-reacted with various reagents, such assulfur, oxygen, formaldehyde, carboxylic acids (e.g., oleic acid), andboron compounds (e.g., borate esters or highly borated dispersants). Thedispersants can be borated with from about 0.1 to about 5 moles of boronper mole of dispersant reaction product.

Mannich base dispersants are made from the reaction of alkylphenols,formaldehyde, and amines. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,767,551,which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. Process aidsand catalysts, such as oleic acid and sulfonic acids, can also be partof the reaction mixture. Molecular weights of the alkylphenols rangefrom about 800 to about 2,500. Representative examples are disclosed inU.S. Pat. Nos. 3,697,574; 3,703,536; 3,704,308; 3,751,365; 3,756,953;3,798,165; and 3,803,039; all of which are herein incorporated byreference in their entirety.

Typical high molecular weight aliphatic acid modified Mannichcondensation products useful as dispersants for the lubricant oilcompositions provided herein can be prepared from high molecular weightalkyl-substituted hydroxyaromatics or HN(R)₂ group-containing reactants.

Examples of high molecular weight alkyl-substituted hydroxyaromaticcompounds can include polypropylphenol, polybutylphenol, and otherpolyalkylphenols. These polyalkylphenols can be obtained by thealkylation, in the presence of an alkylating catalyst, such as BF₃, ofphenol with high molecular weight polypropylene, polybutylene, and otherpolyalkylene compounds to give alkyl substituents on the benzene ring ofphenol having an average 600-100,000 molecular weight.

Examples of HN(R)₂ group-containing reactants can include alkylenepolyamines, principally polyethylene polyamines. Other representativeorganic compounds containing at least one HN(R)₂ group suitable for usein the preparation of Mannich condensation products include the mono-and di-amino alkanes and their substituted analogs, e.g., ethylamine anddiethanol amine; aromatic diamines, e.g., phenylene diamine, diaminonaphthalenes; heterocyclic amines, e.g., morpholine, pyrrole,pyrrolidine, imidazole, imidazolidine, and piperidine; melamine andtheir substituted analogs.

Examples of alkylene polyamide reactants include ethylenediamine,diethylene triamine, triethylene tetraamine, tetraethylene pentaamine,pentaethylene hexamine, hexaethylene heptaamine, heptaethyleneoctaamine, octaethylene nonaamine, nonaethylene decamine, anddecaethylene undecamine and mixture of such amines having nitrogencontents corresponding to the alkylene polyamines, in the formulaH₂N—(Z—NH—)_(n)H, Z is a divalent ethylene and n is 1 to 10 of theforegoing formula. Corresponding propylene polyamines such as propylenediamine and di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-propylene tri-, tetra-, penta- andhexaamines are also suitable reactants. The alkylene polyamines areusually obtained by the reaction of ammonia and dihalo alkanes, such asdichloro alkanes. Thus the alkylene polyamines obtained from thereaction of 2 to 11 moles of ammonia with 1 to 10 moles ofdichloroalkanes having 2 to 6 carbon atoms and the chlorines ondifferent carbons are suitable alkylene polyamine reactants.

Aldehyde reactants useful in the preparation of the high molecularproducts useful in the preparation of the lubricant oil compositionsprovided herein include the aliphatic aldehydes, such as formaldehyde(also as paraformaldehyde and formalin), acetaldehyde, and aldol(β-hydroxybutyraldehyde). In certain embodiments, formaldehyde or aformaldehyde-yielding reactant is used.

Hydrocarbyl substituted amine ashless dispersant additives are disclosedin, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,275,554; 3,438,757; 3,565,804;3,755,433; 3,822,209; and 5,084,197; all of which are incorporatedherein by reference in their entireties.

In certain embodiments, the dispersant can be a borated or non-boratedsuccinimide, for example, a derivatives from a mono-succinimide,bis-succinimide, and/or mixture of mono- and bis-succinimides, whereinthe hydrocarbyl succinimide is derived from a hydrocarbylene group suchas polyisobutylene having a Mn from about 500 to about 5000 or a mixtureof such hydrocarbylene groups. In another embodiment, the dispersant isa succinic acid-ester or amide, alkylphenolpolyamine-coupled Mannichadduct, its capped derivative (i.e., a blocked phenol), and otherrelated components.

Further, see Klamann, “Lubricants and Related Products,” Verlag Chemie,Deerfield Beach, Fla. (ISBN 0-89573-177-0) and C. V. Smallheer and R. K.Smith “Lubricant Additives,” Lezius-Hiles Co. of Cleveland, Ohio (1967)for a description of overbased metal salts of various sulfonic acids,which are useful as dispersants in the lubricant oil compositionprovided herein.

In one embodiment, the lubricant oil composition comprises a dispersant,or two or more dispersants in the amount of about 0.1 wt % to about 20wt %, or about 0.1 wt % to about 8 wt % of the total weight of thelubricant oil composition.

4.2.3.3 Antioxidants

In one embodiment, the lubricant oil composition provided herein furthercomprises an antioxidant, or two or more antioxidants. Such lubricantoil compositions further comprising an antioxidant, or two or moreantioxidants, can be used, for example, as internal combustion engineoils.

Antioxidants retard the oxidative degradation of base oils duringservice. Such degradation may result in deposits on metal surfaces, thepresence of sludge, or a viscosity increase in the lubricant oilcomposition. A wide variety of antioxidants may be used as additives forthe lubricant oil compositions provided herein. See, Klamann,“Lubricants and Related Products,” Verlag Chemie, Deerfield Beach, Fla.(ISBN 0-89573-177-0), U.S. Pat. No. 4,798,684, and U.S. Pat. No.5,084,197, for example, each of which is incorporated herein byreference in its entirety.

In one embodiment, the antioxidant can be a phenol. In certainembodiments, these phenolic anti-oxidants may be ashless (metal-free)phenolic compounds or neutral or basic metal salts of said phenol.Phenolic antioxidants for use in the lubricant oil compositions providedherein are, for example, sterically hindered phenols, which are phenolswith a sterically hindered hydroxyl group. A sterically hindered phenol,for example, includes those derivatives of dihydroxy aryl compounds inwhich the hydroxyl groups are in the o- or p-position to each other. Incertain embodiments, phenolic antioxidants include those stericallyhindered phenols substituted with alkyl groups of 6 or more carbon atomsand the alkylene coupled derivatives of these hindered phenols In acertain embodiment, the antioxidant is phenolic antioxidant, such as2-t-butyl-4-heptyl phenol, 2-t-butyl-4-octyl phenol, 2-t-butyl-4-dodecylphenol, 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-heptyl phenol, 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-dodecyl phenol,2-methyl-6-t-butyl-4-heptyl phenol, and 2-methyl-6-t-butyl-4-dodecylphenol. In another embodiment, the antioxidant are 2,6-di-alkyl-phenolicproprionic ester derivatives. In a certain embodiment, the antioxidantis a bis-phenolic antioxidant, such as and ortho-coupled phenols, forexample, 2,2′-bis(4-heptyl-6-t-butyl-phenol),2,2′-bis(4-octyl-6-t-butyl-phenol), and2,2′-bis(4-dodecyl-6-t-butyl-phenol), or such as para-coupledbisphenols, for example, 4,4′-bis(2,6-di-t-butyl phenol) and4,4′-methylene-bis(2,6-di-t-butyl phenol).

In one embodiment, the antioxidant can be a non-phenolic antioxidant,for example, an aromatic amine antioxidants. In a certain embodiment,the lubricant oil composition comprises at least a first and a secondadditive, wherein the first additive is a non-phenolic antioxidant andthe second additive is a phenolic antioxidant. In a certain embodiment,the non-phenolic antioxidant is, for example, an alkylated andnon-alkylated aromatic amines, such as aromatic monoamines of FormulaR⁸R⁹R¹⁰N, wherein R⁸ is an aliphatic, aromatic or substituted aromaticgroup, R⁹ is an aromatic or a substituted aromatic group, and R¹⁰ is H,alkyl R⁸ is an aliphatic, aryl, or heteroaryl, wherein the aryl groupsis optionally substituted or substituted aromatic group, R⁹ is anaromatic or a substituted aromatic group, and R¹⁰ is H, alkyl, aryl(wherein the substituents are defined as in WO2004/031329A2, which isincorporated herein by reference in its entirety); and R¹¹S(O)_(X)R¹²,wherein R¹¹ is an alkylene, alkenylene, or aralkylene group, R¹² is ahigher alkyl group, or an alkenyl, aryl, or alkaryl group, and x is 0, 1or 2 (wherein the substituents are defined as in WO2004/031329A2).Furthermore, the aliphatic group R⁸ may contain from 1 to about 20carbon atoms, or contains from about 6 to 12 carbon atoms. The aliphaticgroup is a saturated aliphatic group. In one embodiment, both R⁸ and R⁹are aromatic or substituted aromatic groups, and the aromatic group maybe a fused ring aromatic group such as naphthyl. Aromatic groups R⁸ andR⁹ may be joined together with other groups such as S.

In a particular embodiment, the aromatic amine antioxidant has a(C₆-C₁₄) alkyl substituent. The alkyl is, for example, hexyl, heptyl,octyl, nonyl, and decyl. In certain embodiment, the aromatic amineantioxidant is, for example, diphenylamine, phenyl naphthylamine,phenothiazine, imidodibenzyl, and diphenyl phenylene diamine. In aparticular embodiment, the aromatic amine antioxidant is, for example,p,p′-dioctyldiphenylamine; t-octylphenyl-alphanaphthylamine;phenyl-alpha naphthylamine; and p-octylphenyl-alphanaphthylamine. Insome embodiments, the lubricant oil composition provided herein containstwo or more aromatic amine antioxidants. In one embodiment, theantioxidant is a polymeric amine antioxidant.

In one embodiment, the antioxidant is a sulfurized alkyl phenols, oralkali or alkaline earth metal salts thereof.

In one embodiment, the antioxidant is a copper compound. In a certainembodiment, the copper compound is an oil-soluble copper compound. In aparticular embodiment, the copper compound is, for example, copperdihydrocarbyl thio- or dithiophosphates, copper salts of carboxylicacids (naturally occurring or synthetic), copper dithiacarbamates,copper sulphonates, copper phenates, and copper acetylacetonates. In acertain embodiment, the copper compound is a basic, neutral, or acidiccopper Cu(I) or Cu(II) salt, derived from alkenyl succinic acids oranhydrides.

In a particular embodiment, an antioxidant is a sterically hinderedphenol or an arylamine. In a certain embodiment, the antioxidantprovided herein may be used individually or in combination with oneanother.

In one embodiment, the lubricant oil composition comprises anantioxidant, or two or more antioxidants, in the amount of about 0.01 wt% to about 5 wt %, about 0.01 wt % to about 1.5 wt %, or less than about1.5 wt %, of the total weight of the lubricant oil composition. In aparticular embodiment, the lubricant oil composition does not comprisean antioxidant.

4.2.3.4 Pour Point Depressants

In one embodiment, the lubricant oil composition provided herein furthercomprises a pour point depressant, or two or more pour pointdepressants. Such lubricant oil compositions further comprising a pourpoint depressant, or two or more pour point depressants, can be used,for example, as internal combustion engine oils.

Conventional pour point depressants (also known as lube oil flowimprovers) may be added to the lubricant oil compositions providedherein. These pour point depressant may be added to the lubricating oilcomposition provided herein to, for example, lower the minimumtemperature at which the fluid will flow or can be poured. In oneembodiment, the pour point depressant is a polymethacrylate, apolyacrylate, a polyarylamide, a condensation product of haloparaffinwaxes and aromatic compounds, a vinyl carboxylate polymer, or terpolymerof dialkylfumarates, a vinyl ester of a fatty acid and an allyl vinylether. For further description of pour point depressant and/or thepreparation of the same, see U.S. Pat. Nos. 1,815,022; 2,015,748;2,191,498; 2,387,501; 2,655,479; 2,666,746; 2,721,877; 2,721,878; and3,250,715; all of which are incorporated herein by reference in theirentireties.

In one embodiment, the lubricant oil composition comprises a pour pointdepressant, or two or more pour point depressants, in the amount ofabout 0.01 wt % to about 5 wt %, or about 0.01 wt % to about 1.5 wt %,of the total weight of the lubricant oil composition.

4.2.3.5 VI Improvers

In one embodiment, the lubricant oil composition provided herein furthercomprises a VI improver, or two or more VI improvers. Such lubricant oilcompositions further comprising a VI improver, or two or more VIimprovers, can be used, for example, as internal combustion engine oils.

In one embodiment, VI improvers include high molecular weighthydrocarbons, polyesters and VI improver dispersants that function asboth a viscosity index improver and a dispersant. In a certainembodiment, the molecular weight of these VI improver polymers isbetween about 1,000 Da to about 1,000,000 Da, or about 25,000 Da toabout 500,000 Da, or about 50,000 Da to about 400,000 Da. In anotherembodiment, the VI improvers have a shear stability index (SSI) of, forexample, about 4 to about 65. Examples of VI improvers are polymers andcopolymers of methacrylate, butadiene, olefins, or alkylated styrenes.Polyisobutylene is a VI improver. In one embodiment, VI improvers arepolymethacrylates (for example, copolymers of various chain length alkylmethacrylates) and polyacrylates (for example, copolymers of variouschain length acrylates).

In another embodiment, VI improvers are copolymers of ethylene andpropylene or copolymers of propylene and butylene. In certainembodiments, these copolymers have a molecular weight of about 100,000Da to about 400,000 Da. In certain embodiments, hydrogenated blockcopolymers of styrene and isoprene can be used. In a particularembodiment, the copolymer is a styrene-isoprene or styrene-butadienebased polymer having a molecular weight of about 50,000 Da to about200,000 Da.

In one embodiment, the lubricant oil composition comprises a VIimprover, or two or more VI improvers, in the amount of about 0.01 wt %to about 0.25 wt %, of the total weight of the lubricant oilcomposition.

4.2.3.6 Anti-Wear Agents or Extreme Pressure Additives

In one embodiment, the lubricant oil composition provided herein furthercomprises an anti-wear agent, or two or more anti-wear agents. Suchlubricant oil compositions further comprising an anti-wear agent, or twoor more anti-wear agents, can be used, for example, as internalcombustion engine oils. In one embodiment, the lubricant oil compositionprovided herein further comprises an extreme pressure additive, or twoor more extreme pressure additives. Such lubricant oil compositionsfurther comprising an extreme pressure additive, or two or more extremepressure additives, can be used, for example, as internal combustionengine oils.

The anti-wear or extreme pressure (“EP”) additives provide, for example,adequate anti-wear protection for the combustion engine. Anti-wear orextreme EP additives inter alia reduce friction and wear of engine metalparts.

In one embodiment, the anti-wear additive for use in, for example,internal combustion engine crankcase oils, is a metalalkylthiophosphate, in particular a metal dialkyldithiophosphate, inwhich the primary metal constituent is zinc, or zincdialkyldithiophosphate (“ZDDP”). In certain embodiments, ZDDP compoundsare compounds of Formula III.

Zn[SP(S)(OR¹)(OR²)]₂  Formula III

wherein R¹ and R² are (C₁-C₁₈)alkyl groups. In a particular embodiment,R¹ and R² are (C₂-C₁₂)alkyl groups.

In one embodiment, the anti-wear additive is a phosphorus-free anti-wearadditive. In certain embodiments, the anti-wear additives in thelubricant oil composition further comprise two or more anti-wearadditives, wherein a first anti-wear additive is ZDDP and a secondanti-wear additive is a phosphorus-free anti-wear additive.

In certain embodiments, the anti-wear additive is a sulfurized olefin.Sulfurized olefins can be prepared, for example, by sulfurization orvarious organic materials, such as aliphatic, arylaliphatic, alicyclicolefinic hydrocarbons containing, for example, from 3 to 30 carbon atomsor 3 to 20 carbon atoms (see Leslie R. Rudnick Lubricant Additives:Chemistry and Applications (Second Edition) and references citedtherein).

In certain embodiments, the EP additive is a sulfurized olefin.

The sulfurized olefins provided herein are olefins of Formula IV

R³R⁴C═CR⁵R⁶  Formula IV

wherein each of R³-R⁶ independently is hydrogen, alkenyl, or alkenyl.Any two of R³-R⁶ may be connected so as to form a cyclic ring.Additional information concerning sulfurized olefins and theirpreparation can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 4,941,984, incorporated hereinin its entirety.

In certain embodiments, the anti-wear agent is athiocarbamate/molybdenum complex, such as moly-sulfur (C₈-C₁₈)alkyldithiocarbamate trimer complex.

In certain embodiments, the anti-wear agent is an ester of glycerol,such as mono-, di-, and tri-oleates, mono-palmitates andmono-myristates.

Further anti-wear agents or EP additives are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.2,443,264, U.S. Pat. No. 2,471,115, U.S. Pat. No. 2,526,497, and U.S.Pat. No. 2,591,577 (polysulfides of thiophosphorus acids andthiophosphorus acid esters as additives); U.S. Pat. No. 3,770,854(phosphorothionyl disulfides); U.S. Pat. No. 4,501,678(alkylthiocarbamoyl compounds (e.g., bis(dibutyl)thiocarbamoyl) incombination with a molybdenum compound (e.g., oxymolybdenumdiisopropyl-phosphorodithioate sulfide) and a phosphorous ester (e.g.,dibutyl hydrogen phosphite)); U.S. Pat. No. 4,758,362 (carbamateadditives); U.S. Pat. No. 5,693,598 (thiocarbamate); U.S. Pat. No.5,034,141 (combination of a thiodixanthogen compound (e.g.,octylthiodixanthogen) and a metal thiophosphate (e.g., ZDDP)); canimprove anti-wear properties, each of which is incorporated herein byreference in its entirety.

In certain embodiments, the anti-wear agent is a phosphorus and sulfurcompound, such as zinc dithiophosphate and/or sulfur, nitrogen, boron,molybdenum phosphorodithioates, molybdenum dithiocarbamates and variousorgano-molybdenum derivatives, such as heterocyclic compounds, forexample, dimercaptothiadiazoles, mercaptobenzothiadiazoles, andtriazines. In a particular embodiment, the anti-wear agent is analicyclic, an amine, an alcohol, an ester, a diol, a triol, a fattyamide and the like can also be used.

In one embodiment, the lubricant oil composition comprises an anti-wearagent, or two or more anti-wear agents, in the amount of about 0.01 wt %to about 6 wt %, or about 0.01 wt % to about 4 wt %, of the total weightof the lubricant oil composition. In another embodiment, the lubricantoil composition comprises an EP additive, or two or more EP additives,in the amount of about 0.01 wt % to about 6 wt %, or about 0.01 wt % toabout 4 wt %, of the total weight of the lubricant oil composition.

4.2.3.7 Friction Modifiers

In one embodiment, the lubricant oil composition provided herein furthercomprises a friction modifier, or two or more friction modifiers. Suchlubricant oil compositions further comprising a friction modifier, ortwo or more friction modifiers, can be used, for example, as internalcombustion engine oils.

A friction modifier is any material or materials that can alter thecoefficient of friction of a surface lubricated by any lubricant orfluid containing such material(s). Friction modifiers, also known asfriction reducers, or lubricity agents or oiliness agents, and othersuch agents that change the ability of base oils, formulated lubricantcompositions, or functional fluids, to modify the coefficient offriction of a lubricated surface may be effectively used in combinationwith the base oils or lubricant oil compositions provided herein.

Friction modifiers may include metal-containing compounds or materialsas well as ashless compounds or materials, or mixtures thereof.Metal-containing friction modifiers may include metal salts ormetal-ligand complexes where the metals may include alkali, alkalineearth, or transition group metals. Such metal-containing frictionmodifiers may also have low-ash characteristics. Transition metals mayinclude Mo, W, Sb, Sn, Fe, Cu, Zn, and others. Ligands may includehydrocarbyl derivative of alcohols, polyols, glycerols, partial esterglycerols, thiols, carboxylates, carbamates, thiocarbamates,dithiocarbamates, phosphates, thiophosphates, dithiophosphates, amides,imides, amines, thiazoles, thiadiazoles, dithiazoles, diazoles,triazoles, and other polar molecular functional groups containingeffective amounts of O, N, S, or P, individually or in combination. Inparticular, Mo-containing compounds can be particularly effective suchas for example Mo-dithiocarbamates, Mo(DTC), Mo-dithiophosphates,Mo(DTP), Mo-amines, Mo(Am), Mo-alcoholates, Mo-alcohol-amides, and thelike. See U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,824,627; 6,232,276; 6,153,564; 6,143,701;6,110,878; 5,837,657; 6,010,987; 5,906,968; 6,734,150; 6,730,638;6,689,725; 6,569,820; WO99/66013; WO99/47629; and WO98/26030; all ofwhich are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. Also inparticular W-containing compounds can be particularly effective, such asfor example amine tungstates described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,290,245;7,820,602; 8,030,256; 8,080,500; 8,080,500; 7,858,565; 7,879,777; all ofwhich are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

Ashless friction modifiers may have also include lubricant materialsthat contain effective amounts of polar groups, for example,hydroxyl-containing hydrocarbyl base oils, glycerides, partialglycerides, glyceride derivatives, and the like. Polar groups infriction modifiers may include hydrocarbyl groups containing effectiveamounts of O, N, S, or P, individually or in combination. Other frictionmodifiers that may be particularly effective include, for example, salts(both ash-containing and ashless derivatives) of fatty acids, fattyalcohols, fatty amides, fatty esters, hydroxyl-containing carboxylates,and comparable synthetic long-chain hydrocarbyl acids, alcohols, amides,esters, hydroxylcarboxylates, and the like. In some instances fattyorganic acids, fatty amines, and sulfurized fatty acids may be used assuitable friction modifiers.

Concentrations of molybdenum-containing materials are often described interms of Mo metal concentration. Advantageous concentrations of Mo mayrange from about 10 ppm to about 3000 ppm or more, from about 20 toabout 2000 ppm, or from about 30 to about 1000 ppm. Friction modifiersof all types may be used alone or in mixtures with lubricant oilcomposition provided herein. In one embodiment, the lubricant oilcomposition comprises mixtures of two or more friction modifiers, ormixtures of friction modifier(s) with alternate surface activematerial(s).

In one embodiment, the lubricant oil composition comprises a frictionmodifier, or two or more friction modifiers, in the amount of about 0.01wt % to about 10-15 wt %, or about 0.1 wt % to about 5 wt %, of thetotal weight of the lubricant oil composition. In another embodiment,the lubricant oil composition comprises a friction modifier, or two ormore friction modifiers, in the amount of about 0.01 wt % to about 5 wt%, or about 0.1 wt % to about 1.5 wt %, of the total weight of thelubricant oil composition.

4.2.3.8 Demulsifiers

In one embodiment, the lubricant oil composition provided herein furthercomprises a demulsifier, or two or more demulsifiers. Such lubricant oilcompositions further comprising a demulsifier, or two or moredemulsifiers, can be used, for example, as internal combustion engineoils.

Demulsifying agents are, for example, alkoxylated phenols andphenol-formaldehyde resins and synthetic alkylaryl sulfonates, such asmetallic dinonylnaphthalene sulfonates. In one embodiment, thedemulsifing agent is a polymer comprising a polyoxyalkylene glycolhaving a molecular weight of about 450 Da to about 5000 Da, or more than5000 Da. In another embodiment, a demulsifier comprises apolyoxyalkylene glycol produced from alkoxylation of n-butanol with amixture of alkylene oxides to form a random alkoxylated product. In aparticular embodiment, the demulsifier comprises a polyoxyalkyleneglycol produced by alkoxylation of n-butanol with a mixture of alkyleneoxides to form a random alkoxylated product.

In one embodiment, the lubricant oil composition comprises ademulsifier, or two or more demulsifiers, in the amount of about 0.05 wt% to about 15 wt %, or about 0.1 wt % to about 3 wt %, of the totalweight of the lubricant oil composition.

4.2.3.9 Antifoamants

In one embodiment, the lubricant oil composition provided herein furthercomprises an antifoamant, or two or more antifoamants. Such lubricantoil compositions further comprising an antifoamant, or two or moreantifoamants, can be used, for example, as internal combustion engineoils.

Antifoamants may be added to lubricant oil compositions provided herein.These agents retard the formation of stable foams. In one embodiment,the antifoamant is a silicone or organic polymer. In a particularembodiment, the antifoamant is a polysiloxane, such as silicon oil orpolydimethyl siloxane.

In one embodiment, the lubricant oil composition comprises anantifoamant, or two or more antifoamants, in the amount of about lessthan about 1 wt %, or less than about 0.1 wt %. In another embodiment,the lubricant oil composition comprises an antifoamant, or two or moreantifoamants, in the amount of about less than about 0.001 wt %, toabout 3 wt %, or about 0.001 wt % to about 0.15 wt %, of the totalweight of the lubricant oil composition.

4.2.3.10 Corrosion Inhibitors

In one embodiment, the lubricant oil composition provided herein furthercomprises a corrosion inhibitor, or two or more corrosion inhibitors.Such lubricant oil compositions further comprising a corrosioninhibitor, or two or more corrosion inhibitors, can be used, forexample, as internal combustion engine oils.

Corrosion inhibitors are used to reduce the degradation of metallicparts that are in contact with the lubricating oil composition. Suitablecorrosion inhibitors include thiadiazoles. See, for example, U.S. Pat.Nos. 2,719,125; 2,719,126; and 3,087,932, all of which are incorporatedherein by reference in their entireties.

Corrosion inhibitors further protect lubricated metal surfaces againstchemical attack by water or other contaminants. A wide variety ofcorrosion inhibitors are commercially available; they are referred to inKlamann, “Lubricants and Related Products,” Verlag Chemie, DeerfieldBeach, Fla. (ISBN 0-89573-177-0). One type of corrosion inhibitor is apolar compound that wets the metal surface, protecting it with a film ofoil. Another type of corrosion inhibitor absorbs water by incorporatingit in a water-in-oil emulsion, so that only the oil touches the metalsurface. Yet another type of corrosion inhibitor chemically adheres tothe metal to produce a non-reactive surface. In one embodiment, thecorrosion inhibitor is a zinc dithiophosphate, a metal phenolate, abasic metal sulfonate, a fatty acids, or an amine.

In one embodiment, the lubricant oil composition comprises a corrosioninhibitor, or two or more corrosion inhibitors, in the amount of about0.01 wt % to about 5 wt %, or about 0.01 wt % to about 1.5 wt %, of thetotal weight of the lubricant oil composition.

4.2.3.11 Seal Swell Control Additives

In one embodiment, the lubricant oil composition provided herein furthercomprises a seal swell control additive, or two or more seal swellcontrol additives. Such lubricant oil compositions further comprising aseal swell control additive, or two or more seal swell controladditives, can be used, for example, as internal combustion engine oils.

Seal compatibility agents help to swell elastomeric seals by causing achemical reaction in the fluid or physical change in the elastomer.Suitable seal compatibility agents for lubricating oils are, forexample, organic phosphates, aromatic esters, aromatic hydrocarbons,esters (e.g., butylbenzyl phthalate), and polybutenyl succinicanhydride.

In one embodiment, the lubricant oil composition comprises a seal swellcontrol additive, or two or more seal swell control additives, in theamount of about 0.01 wt % to about 3 wt %, or about 0.01 wt % to about 2wt %, of the total weight of the lubricant oil composition.

4.2.3.12 Metal Deactivators

In one embodiment, the lubricant oil composition provided herein furthercomprises a metal deactivator, or two or more metal deactivators. Suchlubricant oil compositions further comprising a metal deactivator, ortwo or more metal deactivators, can be used, for example, as internalcombustion engine oils.

In one embodiment, a metal deactivator is a2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole or a derivative thereof, amercaptobenzothiazole, an alkyltriazole, or a benzotriazole. In oneembodiment, the metal deactivator is a diacid, such as sebacic acid,adipic acid, azelaic acid, dodecanedioic acid, 3-methyladipic acid,3-nitrophthalic acid, 1,10-decanedicarboxylic acid, and fumaric acid.

In another embodiment, the metal deactivator is a straight orbranch-chained, saturated or unsaturated monocarboxylic acid or esterthereof, which may optionally be sulphurized in an amount up to 35% byweight. In one embodiment, the acid is a C₄ to C₂₂ straight chainunsaturated monocarboxylic acid. In a particular embodiment, the metaldeactivator is a monocarboxylic acid, such as sulphurised oleic acid. Inanother embodiment, the metal deactivator is oleic acid, valeric acid,or erucic acid. In a certain embodiment, the metal deactivator is atriazole. In a particular embodiment, the triazole is a tolylotriazole.In another embodiment, the metal deactivator is a thiazole and certaindiamine compounds known to the person of ordinary skill in the art. Inone embodiment, the metal deactivator is a triazole, benzotriazole orsubstituted benzotriazole, such as an alkyl substituted benzotriazoles.The alkyl substituent generally contains up to up to 8 carbon atoms. Thetriazoles may be optionally substituted with, for example, halogen,nitro, amino, and mercapto. In certain embodiments, the metaldeactivator is a triazole, wherein the triazole is benzotriazole,tolyltriazole, ethylbenzotriazole, hexylbenzotriazole,octylbenzotriazole, chlorobenzotriazole, or nitrobenzotriazole. In aparticular embodiment, the metal deactivator is benzotriazole ortolyltriazole. In one embodiment, the metal deactivator is a straight orbranched chain saturated or unsaturated monocarboxylic acid which isoptionally sulphurised in an amount which may be up to 35% by weight, oran ester of such an acid; a triazole or alkyl derivatives thereof; or atriazole selected from 1,2,4 triazole, 1,2,3 triazole,5-anilo-1,2,3,4-thiatriazole, 3-amino-1,2,4 triazole,1-H-benzotriazole-1-yl-methylisocyanide, methylene-bis-benzotriazole andnaphthotriazole.

In one embodiment, the lubricant oil composition comprises a metaldeactivator, or two or more metal deactivators, in the amount of about0.001 wt % to about 0.35 wt %, or about 0.1 wt % to about 0.35 wt % ofthe total weight of the lubricant oil composition.

4.3 Methods and Formulation

Provided herein is a method of improving oxidation resistance, swellcharacteristics, deposit performance, reserve alkalinity, rustpreventing quality, or levels of ash-forming compounds of a lubricatingoil composition described herein by mixing a first base oil componentprovided herein with a second base oil component provided herein andoptionally one or more additives, wherein said oxidation resistance,swell characteristics, deposit performance, reserve alkalinity, rustpreventing quality, or levels of ash-forming compound of a lubricatingoil composition are improved as compared to an oil compositioncomprising the second base oil component as provided herein, but notcomprising the first base oil component as provided herein.

Further provided herein is a method of improving fuel efficiency in aninternal combustion engine by lubricating said engine with a lubricantoil composition provided herein, wherein the fuel efficiency is improvedas compared to fuel efficiency achieved by lubricating said engine withan oil composition comprising the second base oil component as providedherein, but not comprising the first base oil component as providedherein.

A lubricant oil composition can be made using the first base oilcomponent by blending or admixing the second base oil component, anoptional additive package comprising an effective amount of at least oneadditive, such as a detergent, a dispersant, an antioxidant, a pourpoint depressant, a VI improver, an anti-wear agent, an extreme pressureadditive, a friction modifier, a demulsifier, an antifoamanta corrosioninhibitor, a seal swell control additive, or a metal deactivator. Aneffective amount of one or more additives, or an additive packagecontaining one or more such additives, is added to, blended into oradmixed with the base stock to meet one or more formulated productspecifications, such as those relating to a lube oil for diesel engines,internal combustion engines, automatic transmissions, turbine or jet,hydraulic oil, industrial oil, etc., as is known. For a review of manycommonly used additives see: Klamann in “Lubricants and RelatedProducts” Verlag Chemie, Deerfield Beach, Fla.: ISBN 0-89573-177-0; and“Lubricant Additives” by M. W. Ronney, published by Noyes DataCorporation, Parkridge, N.J. (1973). Additive packages for adding to abase stock or to a blend of base stocks to form fully formulatedlubricated oil compositions for meeting performance specificationsrequired for different applications or intended uses are commerciallyavailable.

In particular, the lubricant oil compositions provided herein can beprepared using conventional techniques. For example, Group II and/orGroup III base oils and alkylated naphthalene can be added to a reactionvessel and mixed at temperatures from about 40° C. to about 60° C. for aperiod of time ranging from about 20 minutes to about 2 hours.

The following examples are presented to illustrate the lubricant oilcompositions provided herein and should not be construed to limit theclaimed invention.

5 EXAMPLES 5.1 Example 1 Preparation of Monoalkyl Naphthalenes

The monoalkyl naphthalenes of the current invention can be made in anyof the ways known to those skilled in the art. For example, alphaolefins and Guerbet alcohols were used as electrophiles in reactionswith naphthalene in the presence of suitable catalysts to prepare themonoalkyl naphthalene used in the practice of the present invention.

Specifically, Alkylate 32 was prepared by the alkylation of naphthalenewith Guebert alcohol Isofol 18E (mixture of 3.0 wt %-6.0 wt % of2-hexyldecanol, 85.0 wt % to 90.0 wt % of 2-octyldecanol and2-hexyldodecanol, and 3.0 wt % to 6.0 wt % of 2-octyldodecanol) using arare earth triflate salt, such as Sc(OTf)₃, as a catalyst by methodsknown to those skilled in the art.

Similarly, Alkylate 30 was prepared by the alkylation of naphthalenewith a mixture of alpha olefins of chain length of 18 to 26 carbonatoms, using standard Friedel-Crafts alkylation methods known to thoseskilled in the art.

5.2 Example 2

This Example presents Kinematic Viscosity, Viscosity Index and NoackVolatility data for exemplary compounds of Formula (I) and forSynesstic™ 5 (ExxonMobil Chemical Company, 13501 Katy Freeway, Houston,Tex. 77079-1398, USA), an exemplary state of the art commerciallyavailable alkylated naphthalene.

For Alkylate 30 and Alkylate 32, prepared as described in Example 1, aswell as, commercially available Synesstic™ 5 the parameters shown inTABLE 3 were determined.

TABLE 3 Synesstic Alkylate Alkylate Properties 5 30 32 KinematicViscosity at 100° C. 4.7 5.7 6.8 (ASTM D445, cSt) Kinematic Viscosity at40° C. 29.0 38.7 46.4 (ASTM D445, cSt) Viscosity Index 77 80 100 (ASTMD2270) Noack Volatility 12.7 7.1 3.7 (ASTM D5800, % lost) 250° C.

The data presented in TABLE 3, TABLE 5, TABLE 7, and TABLE 9 has beenobtained using the following standardized methods:

-   -   ASTM Standard ASTM D445, 2012, “Standard Test Method for        Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and        Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity),” ASTM International, West        Conshohocken, Pa., 2012, DOI: 10.1520/D0445-12, www.astm.org;    -   ASTM D2270, 2010e1, “Standard Practice for Calculating Viscosity        Index From Kinematic Viscosity at 40 and 100° C.,” ASTM        International, West Conshohocken, Pa., 2010, DOI:        10.1520/D2270-10E01, www.astm.org; and    -   ASTM D5800, 2010, “Standard Test Method for Evaporation Loss of        Lubricating Oils by the Noack Method,” ASTM International, West        Conshohocken, Pa., 2010, DOI: 10.1520/D5800-10, www.astm.org.

This Example demonstrates that the exemplary compounds Formula (I)presented in this Example have a higher Viscosity Index and lower NoackVolatility compared to Synesstic™ 5, an exemplary state of the artcommercially available alkylated naphthalene.

5.3 Example 3

This Example presents Kinematic Viscosity, Viscosity Index and NoackVolatility data for exemplary lubricant oil compositions as providedherein.

Alkylate 30, prepared as described in Example 1, was blended with lowviscosity PAOs (Synfluid® PAOs available from Chevron Phillips Chemical(Synfluid® PAO 4 cSt, and Synfluid® PAO 5 cSt available from ChevronPhillips Chemical Company LLC, 10001 Six Pines Drive, The Woodlands,Tex. 77380), in the proportions described in TABLE 4.

TABLE 4 Lubricant Oil Composition Ingredients A B C D Alkylate 30 20 2030 30 (wt % of total weight) 4.0 cSt PAO (Synfluid ® PAO 4 cSt) 40 50 3050 (wt % of total weight) 5.0 cSt PAO (Synfluid ® PAO 5 cSt) 40 30 40 20(wt % of total weight)

TABLE 5 shows the measured properties of Lubricant Oil Compositions A-D.

TABLE 5 Lubricant Oil Composition Properties A B C D Kinematic Viscosityat 100° C. 4.7 4.6 4.9 4.6 (ASTM D445, cSt) Kinematic Viscosity at 40°C. 22.9 22.0 24.9 23.1 (ASTM D445, cSt) Viscosity Index 126 127 122 115(ASTM D2270) Noack Volatility 9.2 9.9 8.6 9.9 (ASTM D5800, % lost) 250°C.

5.4 Example 4

This Example presents Kinematic Viscosity, Viscosity Index and NoackVolatility data for exemplary lubricant oil compositions providedherein.

Alkylate 32, prepared as described in Example 1, was blended with lowviscosity PAOs (Synfluid® PAOs available from Chevron Phillips Chemical(Synfluid® PAO 4 cSt, and Synfluid® PAO 5 cSt available from ChevronPhillips Chemical Company LLC, 10001 Six Pines Drive, The Woodlands,Tex. 77380), in the proportions described in TABLE 6

TABLE 6 Lubricant Oil Composition Ingredients E F G H Alkylate 32 20 2030 30 (wt % of total weight) 4.0 cSt PAO(Synfluid ® PAO 4 cSt) 40 50 3050 (wt % of total weight) 5.0 cSt PAO(Synfluid ® PAO 5 cSt) 40 30 40 20(wt % of total weight)

TABLE 7 shows the measured properties of the Lubricant Oil CompositionsE-F.

TABLE 7 Lubricant Oil Composition Properties E F G H Kinematic Viscosityat 100° C. 4.9 4.7 5.2 4.9 (ASTM D445, cSt) Kinematic Viscosity at 40°C. 23.7 22.9 26.3 24.4 (ASTM D445, cSt) Viscosity Index 134 126 132 127(ASTM D2270) Noack Volatility 8.5 9.2 7.6 8.9 (ASTM D5800, % lost) 250°C.

5.5 Example 5

This Example presents Kinematic Viscosity, Viscosity Index and NoackVolatility data for comparative lubricant oil compositions comprisingSynesstic™ 5 (ExxonMobil Chemical Company, 13501 Katy Freeway, Houston,Tex. 77079-1398, USA), an exemplary state of the art commerciallyavailable alkylated naphthalene.

Synesstic™ 5 was blended with low viscosity PAOs (Synfluid® PAOsavailable from Chevron Phillips Chemical (Synfluid® PAO 4 cSt, andSynfluid® PAO 5 cSt available from Chevron Phillips Chemical CompanyLLC, 10001 Six Pines Drive, The Woodlands, Tex. 77380), in theproportions described in TABLE 8.

TABLE 8 Comparative Lubricant Oil Composition Ingredients I II III IVSynesstic ™ 5 20 20 30 30 (wt % of total weight) 4.0 cSt PAO(Synfluid ®PAO 4 cSt) 40 50 30 50 (wt % of total weight) 5.0 cSt PAO(Synfluid ® PAO5 cSt) 40 30 40 20 (wt % of total weight)

TABLE 9 shows the measured properties of the Comparative Lubricant OilCompositions I-IV.

TABLE 9 Comparative Lubricant Oil Composition Properties I II III IVKinematic Viscosity at 100° C. 4.6 4.4 4.7 4.3 (ASTM D445, cSt)Kinematic Viscosity at 40° C. 21.6 20.8 22.9 21.2 (ASTM D445, cSt)Viscosity Index 132 123 126 109 (ASTM D2270) Noack Volatility 10.3 11.010.3 11.6 (ASTM D5800, % lost) 250° C.

The Example demonstrates that the Lubricant Oil Compositions A-Hrelative to the Comparative Lubricant Oil Compositions I-IV have lowerNoack Volatility, while maintaining low Kinematic Viscosity.

5.6 Example 6

The methods provided in this example are used to demonstrate oxidationresistance, swell characteristics, deposit performance, reservealkalinity, rust preventing qualities, and levels of ash-formingcompounds of lubricant oil compositions provided herein.

The lubricant oil compositions demonstrates CCS viscosities at −35° C.,as determined by ASTM D5293, of less than 6200 mPa·s, less than 5000mPa·s, less than 4000 mPa·s, less than 3500 mPa·s, less than 3000 mPa·s,less than 2500 mPa·s, less than 2000 mPa·s, or less than 1700 mPa·s.

The lubricant oil compositions demonstrates high-temperature, high-shear(HTHS) viscosities at 150° C., as determined by ASTM D4683 of less than2.6 mPa·s, less than 2.3 mPa·s, less than 2.0 mPa·s, or less than 1.85mPa·s.

Oxidation Resistance

The oxidation resistance of lubricant oil compositions is determinedusing ASTM D4310, 2010, “Standard Test Method for Determination ofSludging and Corrosion Tendencies of Inhibited Mineral Oils,” ASTMInternational, West Conshohocken, Pa., 2010, DOI: 10.1520/D4310-10,www.astm.org. Oxidation resistance is the ability of oil to resist thedirect and indirect attack of oxygen during engine operation. This testmethod is used to evaluate the tendency of oils to corrode coppercatalyst metal and to form sludge during oxidation in the presence ofoxygen, water, and copper and iron metals at an elevated temperature.The way in which oil is formulated determines its ability to resistoxidation. The oxidation stability (oxidation lifetime) is determined byfollowing the acid number of lubricant oil composition for a certainnumber of test hours required for the oil to reach an acid number of 2.0mg KOH/g.

Swell Characteristics

The swell characteristics of the lubricant oil compositions is testedusing the ASTM D4289 test procedure. Some engine oil formulations havebeen shown to lack compatibility with certain elastomers used for sealsin automotive engines. These deleterious effects on the elastomer aregreatest with new engine oils (that is, oils that have not been exposedto an engine's operating environment) and when the exposure is atelevated temperatures. ASTM D4289 is a test method that providesquantitative procedures for the evaluation of the compatibility ofautomotive engine oils with several reference elastomers typical ofthose used in the sealing materials in contact with these oils.Compatibility is evaluated by determining the changes in volume,Durometer A hardness and tensile properties when the elastomer specimensare immersed in the oil for a specified time and temperature.

Deposit Performance

Deposit Performance of the lubricant oil compositions is measured usingthe TEOST MHT-4 (ASTM D7097) Thermo-Oxidation Engine Oil Simulation Test(“TEOST”). The MHT-4 TEOST is a bench test developed to determine pistondeposit performance experienced when engines are run under highpower/high temperature conditions. The deposit performance is measuredin weight of deposit in mg.

Reserve Alkalinity

The reserve alkalinity of lubricant oil compositions is tested usingASTM D2896, by determining the Total Base Number (“TBN”). TBN determineshow effective the control of acids formed is during the combustionprocess. The higher the TBN, the more effective it is in suspendingwear, causing contaminants and reducing the corrosive effects of acidsover an extended period of time. The reserve alkalinity is measured inmilligrams of potassium hydroxide per gram (mg KOH/g).

Rust Preventing Qualities

The rust preventing qualities of lubricant oil compositions is testedusing the Ball Rust Test (“BRT”) of ASTM D6557. The BRT is an 18-hourbench test procedure in which a hydraulic lifter ball in test oil issubjected to acids and air. The ball is rated automatically forreflectance intensity as a measure of surface area corrosion. The BRT isdesigned to evaluate an oil's ability to inhibit rust of internal engineparts in cyclic cold and hot operation where significant water and acidbuild-up can occur. The rust preventing qualities is measured by grayvalue rating.

Levels of Ash-Forming Compounds

The levels of ash-forming compounds of lubricant oil compositions istested using ASTM D784. Sulfated ash is defined as the residue remainingafter an engine oil sample has been carbonized (i.e., combusted), andthe residue subsequently treated with sulphuric acid and heated toconstant weight. The primary ash-forming materials in engine oilsinclude calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium. These materials may bepresent in abrasive solids, soluble metallic soaps and any remainingcatalyst. Abrasive solids and catalysts can lead to wear on injectors,fuel pumps, pistons and rings, as well as engine deposits. Solublemetallic soaps can also lead to engine deposits, as well as filterplugging. The level of ash-forming compounds is determined by the weightof residue remaining after the conclusion of the test.

The embodiments, described herein are intended to be merely exemplary,and those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertainusing no more than routine experimentation, numerous equivalents to thespecific procedures described herein. All such equivalents areconsidered to be within the scope of the present invention and arecovered by the following embodiments.

All references (including patent applications, patents, andpublications) cited herein are incorporated herein by reference in theirentirety and for all purposes to the same extent as if each individualpublication or patent or patent application was specifically andindividually indicated to be incorporated by reference in its entiretyfor all purposes.

What is claimed is:
 1. A lubricant oil composition comprising (a) afirst base oil component in the amount of 1 weight % to 50 weight %based on the total weight of the oil composition, wherein the first baseoil component comprises a compound of Formula (I)

 wherein R is (C₁₈-C₄₀)alkyl, (C₅-C₄₀)cycloalkyl, (C₅-C₄₀)aryl,(C₇-C₉)aralkyl; wherein the aralkyl is optionally substituted with(C₁-C₃₆)alkyl, or (C₆-C₄₀)alkenyl; and (b) a second base oil componentin the amount of 0.1 weight % to 80 weight % based on the total weightof the oil composition, wherein the second base oil component comprisesone or more of a polyalphaolefin (PAO) base stock, Group II base stock,Group III base stock, Group V base stock, GTL base stock, alkylatedbenzene base stock, and ester base stock; wherein the composition has akinematic viscosity at 100° C. of 7.6 cSt or less, a Noack volatility at250° C. of less than 10%, and a viscosity index of at least
 90. 2. Thelubricant oil composition of claim 1, wherein the second base oilcomponent comprises a polyalphaolefin (PAO) base stock.
 3. The lubricantoil composition of claim 1, wherein the second base oil componentcomprises Group II base stock.
 4. The lubricant oil composition of claim1, wherein the second base oil component comprises Group III base stock.5. The lubricant oil composition of claim 1, wherein the second base oilcomponent comprises Group V base stock.
 6. The lubricant oil compositionof claim 1, wherein the second base oil component comprises GTL basestock.
 7. The lubricant oil composition of claim 1, wherein the secondbase oil component comprises alkylated benzene base stock.
 8. Thelubricant oil composition of claim 1, wherein the second base oilcomponent comprises ester base stock.
 9. The lubricant oil compositionof any one of claims 1-8, wherein first base oil component has akinematic viscosity at 100° C. of equal or less than 7.0 cSt, a Noackvolatility at 250° C. of less than 8%, and a viscosity index equal orhigher than
 80. 10. The lubricant oil composition of any one of claims1-9, wherein the composition has a kinematic viscosity at 100° C. of 6.0cSt or less.
 11. The lubricant oil composition of any one of claim 1, 9,or 10, wherein the kinematic viscosity is determined by ASTM D445. 12.The lubricant oil composition of any one of claim 1, 9, or 10, whereinthe Noack volatility is determined by ASTM D5800.
 13. The lubricant oilcomposition of any one of claim 1, 9, or 10, wherein the Noackvolatility is determined by ASTM D2270.
 14. The lubricant oilcomposition of any one of claims 1-13, wherein R is (C₁₈-C₃₂)alkyl. 15.The lubricant oil composition of any one of claims 1-14, wherein R is(C₂₀-C₂₄)alkyl.
 16. The lubricant oil composition of any one of claims1-14, wherein R is C₁₈ alkyl.
 17. The lubricant oil composition of anyone of claims 1-15, wherein R is C₂₀ alkyl.
 18. The lubricant oilcomposition of any one of claims 1-14, wherein R is C₃₂ alkyl.
 19. Thelubricant oil composition of any one of claims 1-10, wherein the firstbase oil component comprises a mixture of two or more compounds ofFormula (I), wherein at least one compound is a compound of Formula (I),wherein R is a C₂₀ alkyl and at least one compound is a compound ofFormula (I), wherein R is a C₂₄ alkyl.
 20. The lubricant oil compositionof any one of claims 1-10, wherein the first base oil componentcomprises a mixture of two or more compounds of Formula (I), wherein atleast one compound is a compound of Formula (I), wherein R is a C₁₈alkyl and at least one compound is a compound of Formula (I), wherein Ris a (C₂₀-C₂₄)alkyl.
 21. The lubricant oil composition of any one ofclaims 1-14, wherein R is (C₁₈-C₃₂) Guerbet alkyl.
 22. The lubricant oilcomposition of any one of claims 1-14 and 21, wherein R is C₁₈ Guerbetalkyl.
 23. The lubricant oil composition of any one of claims 1-14 and21, wherein R is C₂₀ Guerbet alkyl.
 24. The lubricant oil composition ofany one of claims 1-14 and 21, wherein R is C₂₄ Guerbet alkyl.
 25. Thelubricant oil composition of any one of claims 1-14 and 21, wherein R isC₂₈ Guerbet alkyl.
 26. The lubricant oil composition of any one ofclaims 1-14 and 21, wherein R is C₃₂ Guerbet alkyl.
 27. The lubricantoil composition of any one of claims 1-26, wherein the lubricant oilcomposition further comprises one or more additives, wherein eachadditive independently is a detergent, a dispersant, an antioxidant, apour point depressant, a VI improver, an anti-wear agent, an extremepressure additive, a friction modifier, a demulsifier, an antifoamant, acorrosion inhibitor, a seal swell control additive, or a metaldeactivator.
 28. The lubricant oil composition of any one of claims1-27, wherein the lubricant oil composition further comprises one ormore additives, wherein each additive independently is a detergent, adispersants, an antioxidant, an anti-wear agent, or a VI improver. 29.The lubricant oil composition of any one of claims 1-28, wherein thelubricant oil composition has one or more of the following propertiesselected from the group consisting of oxidation resistance, swellcharacteristics, deposit performance, reserve alkalinity, rustpreventing quality, and levels of ash-forming compound, improved ascompared to an oil composition comprising the second base oil component,but not comprising the first base oil component.
 30. An internalcombustion engine oil comprising a lubricant oil composition of any oneof claims 1-28.
 31. A compression-ignition engine oil comprising alubricant oil composition of any one of claims 1-28.
 32. Aspark-ignition engine oil comprising a lubricant oil composition of anyone of claims 1-28.
 33. A method of improving fuel efficiency in aninternal combustion engine by lubricating said engine with a lubricantoil composition of any one of claims 1-25, wherein the fuel efficiencyis improved as compared to fuel efficiency achieved by lubricating saidengine with an oil composition comprising the second base oil component,but not comprising the first base oil component.
 34. A method ofimproving oxidation resistance, swell characteristics, depositperformance, reserve alkalinity, rust preventing quality, or levels ofash-forming compounds of a lubricating oil composition by mixing a firstbase oil component of any one of claim 1, 9, or 14-26 with a second baseoil component of any one of claims 1-8 and optionally one or moreadditives, wherein said oxidation resistance, swell characteristics,deposit performance, reserve alkalinity, rust preventing quality, orlevels of ash-forming compound of a lubricating oil composition areimproved as compared to an oil composition comprising the second baseoil component, but not comprising the first base oil component.